WASHINGTON - The majority of Hispanic immigrants maintain ties to their native countries by sending money, calling or traveling to their homelands, but most see their future in the United States despite these long-distance links, a new study has found.
Just 9 percent of Hispanic immigrants are "highly attached" to their birth countries. Researchers defined highly attached as doing all three "transnational activities": dispatching funds, phoning weekly or going home in the past two years. Most sustain moderate bonds by doing one or two. But those attachments fade with time, according to a Pew Hispanic Center report based on a nationwide survey of Hispanics.
"What's striking is that although the long-term trend is toward disengagement ... most immigrants are involved in some form of contact with the place which they're from," said Roger Waldinger, a sociology professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, and author of the report. "What we have is a population that, as we tried to describe, is between here and there."
The survey was conducted by telephone among a randomsample of 2,000 Hispanic adults from June 5 to July 3, 2006. Respondents include 1,429 foreignborn Hispanics. The survey has a margin of error of plus or minus 3.8 percentage points for the full sample and plus or minus 4.4 percentage points for the foreign-born sample.
Although research on transnationalism - having a life that straddles two countries - is fairly recent, scholars debate how new the phenomenon is. Some say Hispanic immigrants are in the vanguard of a phenomenon fueled by advances in communications and transportation. Many others, including Waldinger, say this behavior is similar to that of 19th- and 20th-century European immigrants, who often sent letters and money across the Atlantic and later returned home to live. But no one collected the data back then, so direct comparisons are impossible, he said.
There are also disagreements over how transnationalism affects newcomers' commitment to their adopted lands. In the case of Hispanic immigrants, the Pew study found, transnational activities do not hinder bonds to the United States. More than 60 percent - recent and longterm immigrants, U.S. citizens and aliens - say they plan to stay and are more concerned about politics and government in the United States than in theirnative countries.
But the report makes clear that immigrants' interactions with and feelings about their homelands are complicated and varied. The longer Hispanic immigrants live in the United States, the more their transnational activities drop off and they see this nation as their "real homeland," the survey found.
Still, nearly all consider themselves first Peruvians or Mexicans, say, rather than Americans. Although recent arrivals are more likely to send money home, they are less likely to travel home than are established Hispanic immigrants.
As the report puts it: "Home country and host country options coexist among many immigrants and may indeed be mutually compatible."
The complexity is further illustrated by variations among different national groups, whose paths are often dictated by country-specific situations, the report says. For example, Cubans, who are mostly exiles, engage in few cross-border activities, because U.S. policies limit travel and money transfers to Cuba. But their identity as Cubans remains strong, Waldinger said.
Although 70 percent of Salvadorans send money home, only a small percentage travel and call home regularly. That is probably because they are often poor andin the United States illegally or on temporary permits that do not allow most international travel, Waldinger said.
Then there are the Colombians, who maintain the deepest ties, Waldinger said, and who are more likely to be affiliated with ethnic organizations in this country and to own property in their homeland than are most other immigrants. They are also likely to have legal status and greater wealth, he said.
Among them is Fidel Hurtado, 44, who moved to Reston, Va., eight years ago from Pereira, Colombia. Hurtado, a bank employee and permanent U.S. resident, said he phones home several times a week, sends relatives money every two weeks and travels to Colombia often, most recently to deliver to Colombian children scholarship money raised by a Northern Virginia nonprofit group.
Hurtado said he will consider himself both American and Colombian once he becomes a U.S. citizen. And he will stay.
"My heart is there, but my strength and my energy are here," Hurtado said.
Information for this article was contributed by Karin Brulliard of The Washington Post and by The Associated Press.
Front Section, Pages 3 on 10/27/2007