TOKYO — To make up for its dwindling nuclear supply, Japan is on a frenzied but costly hunt for fossil fuels.
As part of that hunt, tankers from as many as 12 countries are pulling up weekly to Japanese port cities, hauling liquefied natural gas supercooled to 260 degrees below zero. Officials from Tokyo are making trips to the Middle East, requesting increased shipments of oil. In the Timor Sea, off the coast of Australia, a Japanese firm has invested in a subsea natural gas pipeline that will eventually speed deliveries northward.
So far, Japan’s drastic increase in fossil fuel imports, namely oil and liquefied natural gas, has kept the country from the short-term crisis of power failures and darkened cities, even as more of its nuclear plants go offline. All of this is part of the continuing fallout from the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami that heavily damaged four nuclear reactors and released significant amounts of radiation into surrounding areas.
But the import surge also comes with a dire side effect, analysts say, that strikes at the heart of the world’s thirdlargest economy. By relying on pricey, imported alternatives to nuclear energy, Japan this year is facing an ominous cycle in which energy costs rise and business conditions erode.
Even if fossil fuel power plants operate at full capacity this summer, the country will be short on electrical power in peak months, hampering industrial production. That means industrial exports could shrink at the same time energy imports are on the rise, shriveling growth rates and leaving the country more vulnerable to global price shocks.
There is a solution to all of this — restarting the nuclear power plants — but given Japan’s mounting objection to atomic energy, the prospect draws only a dark laugh.
Even before last year’s nuclear crisis, Tokyo ranked as the world’s largest importer of liquefied natural gas and third-largest importer of crude oil. But nuclear reactors powered one-third of the country, and the country planned for that share to increase to 50 percent.
Thirteen months later, as of last week only one of Japan’s 54 reactors was operating. Some were shuttered because of the disaster, and most of the others have gone offline for scheduled maintenance. Despite attempts by politicians in Tokyo to persuade them to do so, provincial governors and local communities won’t allow them to restart.
In February, nuclear plants accounted for just 3 percent of the total power generated in Japan. Sometime in May, when the sole remaining reactor, on the northern island of Hokkaido, is to shut down, Japan will be nuclear-free just as temperatures begin to climb.
In recent months, to fill the void, Japan’s imports of liquefied natural gas, crude oil and heavy fuel oil have increased by 15 percent to 30 percent, compared with periods before the disaster. A recent Deutsche Bank report calculated that Japan’s powergeneration costs in February were $1.9 billion higher than during a typical month in which nuclear plants were in operation.
“The cost of generating electricity from oil is so far above that of nuclear,” the report said, “that at some point the economics are likely to become a more important consideration in the ongoing political debate in Japan over whether, when, and by how much to start returning idle nuclear capacity to the grid.”
Analysts say Japan has always been willing to pay a premium for secure and stable supplies of energy, particularly liquefied natural gas, which is cheaper and more carbonemissions friendly than oil.
“Japan is seen as the golden market,” said Ken Koyama, a chief economist at the Institute of Energy Economics.
But Japan is still vulnerable. Its fate is tied to stability in the Middle East. About 10 percent of its imported oil comes from Iran, and while it has tried under U.S. pressure to wean itself off that dependence, it appears unlikely to end it completely. In March, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton said the “significant” voluntary cutbacks would allow Japan, along with 10 European countries, to be exempted from Washingtonbacked sanctions designed to punish Iran for its nuclear program.
Though Japan receives most of its liquefied natural gas from the Asian-Pacific region, particularly from Australia and Malaysia, liquefied natural gas prices are typically tied to those of crude oil. So when instability roils Syria or Sudan, Japan pays more for both of its preferred fossil fuels, not just one of them. It’s a different situation than what’s experienced in the United States, where oil is very expensive because much of it is imported while natural gas is very cheap because of a glut from growing domestic production.
Any crisis in the Strait of Hormuz, which Iran has threatened to block, would pose immediate problems for Tokyo. About 90 percent of Japan’s oil comes from the Middle East, most of it passing through the strait.
Experts in Tokyo say Japan’s economy is now at the mercy of its energy supply. A recent forecast from Japan’s Institute of Energy Economics, a government research body, laid out two scenarios — one in which reactors gradually go back online beginning this summer, and one in which they don’t.
With some of its reactors running, Japan’s gross domestic product in 2012 would grow 1.9 percent, according to the first scenario. Industrial production would rise 5 percent from the previous year, and the country would have a trade surplus — its standard for three decades, before a deficit in 2011.
Without its reactors running, though, Japan’s gross domestic product would grow just 0.1 percent. The country would be 12 percent short on electricity during the hottest months, forcing a reduction in factory production and further encouraging corporations to relocate overseas. Just as important, the country would log another trade deficit, projected at $57 billion. Much of this would be directly attributable to fossilfuel imports, which would account for about $261 billion, or 30 percent of Japan’s total imports, according to the report.
For perspective, if Japan managed to import just $203 billion in fossil fuels, its number in 2010, the trade deficit would all but disappear.
By midsummer, Japan plans to announce a new longterm strategy — an outline for the “best energy mix” among nuclear power, fossil fuels and renewable sources. Few energy executives expect that nuclear power will account for the 50 percent that the government once suggested.
Japanese companies are already paying for imports to fill an expected void in coming decades.
One such project was finalized in January, when a Japanese energy company, Inpex, teamed up with a French company, Total SA, and signed off on a deal to export gas from a remote spot in the Timor Sea, hundreds of miles off the northern tip of Australia. That gas, officials involved with the deal said, will be pulled from the depths, pumped through a subsea pipeline to Darwin, Australia, then cooled to liquid form, shrinking to 1/600th of its original volume.
Beginning five years from now, as part of a $34 billion deal, Japanese companies will receive more than 6 million tons of that gas annually, about the total the country now consumes in a month.
“In the wake of Fukushima, there’s a real rethink on the role of nuclear power going forward,” said Bill Townsend, a joint venture manager at Inpex. “Japanese companies need something to fill the gap ... and given Japan’s desire and need to have long-term security, this fit very neatly into the story line.”
Business, Pages 63 on 04/15/2012