The Federal Reserve is poised to raise interest rates today for the first time in 9½ years. It may not take so long to know whether its decision was correct.
History is filled with cases, from the Fed in the 1930s to the European Central Bank in 2011, when central banks raised rates prematurely, sometimes with dire consequences. Raising rates or otherwise tightening credit too soon can slow borrowing, jolt confidence and choke growth.
When the global financial system started buckling in 2007, central banks cut rates to fight the worst economic catastrophe since the 1930s. As the crisis escalated in late 2008, many rates fell to record lows. The Fed cut its benchmark rate to near zero.
Mindful of the risks of higher rates and of the U.S. economy's lingering weaknesses, some economists have suggested that the Fed could wait a bit longer before raising rates, especially with inflation still low amid slumping oil and commodity prices. In a survey of top academic economists, the University of Chicago found that while 48 percent favored a rate increase, 36 percent felt the Fed should hold off.
Andrew Levin, a Dartmouth College economics professor, is among those who think the Fed is acting too soon.
"The economy is not that close to normal yet," Levin said. "Inflation has been persistently falling short of the Fed's target."
Levin notes, too, that while the unemployment rate is a low 5 percent, millions without jobs have given up looking for one. Levin says employers would have to add 200,000 jobs a month for at least another year to restore the job market's health.
For any central bank, the hardest task is to continually straddle a delicate balance:
Keeping rates too low for too long can inflate asset bubbles as investors seek returns that are higher -- but riskier -- than returns on government debt. Low rates can also weaken the ability of central banks to combat a new crisis or recession.
But equally, central bankers must take care not to increase rates too soon. Since the global financial crisis, several central banks, from Israel's to New Zealand's, have raised rates only to have to reverse course soon after.
Federal Reserve Chairman Janet Yellen summed it up in a speech Dec. 2. Yellen said delaying a first increase too long might later compel the Fed to raise rates faster than it would like.
"An abrupt tightening would risk disrupting financial markets and perhaps even inadvertently push the economy into recession," she said. "Holding the federal funds rate at its current level for too long could also encourage excessive risk-taking and thus undermine financial stability."
There are several historical examples that suggest central banks should have waited longer to tighten credit.
In 1936-37, during the Great Depression, the Fed sought to normalize its policies by increasing the amount of money banks had to hold as reserves. Many blame that decision, along with a tougher budgetary stance from the U.S. government, for helping prolong the Depression. The economy fell back into a brutal recession in which around 2.5 million Americans lost jobs.
By 1938, President Franklin Roosevelt reverted back to the expansionist policies associated with the New Deal that he had been implementing since 1933. And the Fed rescinded the increased reserve requirement. The economy then enjoyed a spectacular recovery, helped by wartime spending.
In a 2012 speech, Charles Evans, head of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, warned of a "natural tendency" for policymakers to want to undo super-low rates.
"Such errors happened in 1937 when the Fed prematurely withdrew accommodation," Evans noted.
Ben Bernanke, the Fed chairman during the 2008 crisis, was a keen student of Japan's experience after the bursting of a stock and housing bubble in 1990. A quarter-century later, Japan still confronts the repercussions of that shock, notably deflation, or falling prices.
In August 2000, barely a year after the Bank of Japan adopted a zero rate policy, it raised rates for the first time in a decade. It justified that move by noting that confidence was returning and prices were rising. But a few months later, the central bank was compelled to cut rates again as Japan's economy slid back into recession and prices fell again.
Japan's experience reflects the risks of raising rates when inflation is negligible, as it now is in the United States.
The European Central Bank, which sets rates for the 19 countries that use the euro, is enacting a huge stimulus program intended to ease borrowing rates. The central bank's program marks a sharp policy reversal. In 2011, the bank ECB raised rates twice, increasing its benchmark rate to 1.50 percent. The bank, then led by Jean-Claude Trichet, said it needed to reduce inflation pressures in the eurozone.
By year's end, the bank, now led by Mario Draghi, changed course as the rate increases and export-sapping appreciation of the euro pushed the economy back into recession. The region was also fighting a debt crisis that threatened the euro itself.
Critics regard the 2011 rate increases as a major policy mistake.
Information for this article was contributed by Paul Wiseman of The Associated Press.
Business on 12/16/2015