The nation will have to act decisively -- and soon -- to avoid a predicted slowdown in its transportation network, experts say.
Los Angeles-area commuter Stan Paul provides a good example of the problem confronting the transportation system.
Paul drives out of his Southern California suburb at 4:35 a.m. each weekday with 10 passengers in a van, headed to his job at the University of California-Los Angeles. The 80-mile trek typically takes about 90 minutes.
The return trip, in the city's infamously snarled traffic, often stretches the afternoon commute to three hours. Since Paul joined the van pool in 2001, he's spent roughly 1½ years on the road to and from work, and has traveled enough miles to make a round trip to the moon.
"These super commuters, they don't just give you a day's work," he said. "They give you their lives."
Transportation experts say Paul's journey offers a warning for the future of many more Americans.
"If we don't change, in 2045, the transportation system that powered our rise as a nation will instead slow us down," the U.S. Department of Transportation said in report earlier this year titled "Beyond Traffic."
"Transit systems will be so backed up that riders will wonder not just when they will get to work, but if they will get there at all," the report said. "At the airports, and on the highway, every day will be like Thanksgiving is today."
That prediction has opened a growing divide between cities such as Los Angeles that have been making large investments in new transit options and other regions that have been unable or unwilling to get ahead of the crisis, including the fast-growing South and Southwest.
The issue extends beyond big cities. Americans living in more sparsely populated areas are affected every time they travel.
Quest for consensus
Elected officials and transportation professionals generally agree on the nation's intensifying traffic congestion, but are divided over how to address it.
The Obama administration leans heavily toward getting people out of their vehicles, a solution preferred by many urban planners. New highway lanes aren't enough, the theory goes, because they will simply attract drivers who had been taking other routes and encourage more sprawl. Soon congestion will be as bad as ever.
One alternative is to encourage people to trade suburban amenities for more densely developed neighborhoods where they can easily take transit, walk or bike to jobs, stores and entertainment.
"As the population surges, we're going to have more bottlenecks, so giving people another option is really important," Transportation Secretary Anthony Foxx said in an interview. Rail transit can be a release valve for highway congestion, he said, taking enough vehicles off the road to help traffic move more smoothly.
Although ridership for trains and buses is at a 50-year peak, it remains only a tiny fraction of all trips nationally.
Conservative lawmakers in Washington and many state capitals tend to advocate road building, which better serves their primarily suburban and rural constituents. They question the effectiveness of enlarging big-city rail systems, which typically carry people from suburbs to jobs in the urban core, when so much commuting today is from suburb to suburb.
Avoiding past mistakes
In many fast-growing metropolitan areas, transportation officials are trying to avoid becoming the next Los Angeles, Houston or Atlanta -- places struggling to undo previous decisions that led to mind-numbing, time-wasting, fuel-burning traffic jams.
Faced with traffic congestion so notorious that it has become a cultural touchstone in movies and comedy repertoires, Los Angeles has embarked on a transportation building binge funded largely by a sales tax that voters passed in 2008.
New rail lines are extending to Beverly Hills, the airport and other places that haven't had such service in decades. Regional officials call the $14 billion being spent on transit and new freeway lanes the nation's largest public-works project.
In some ways, the building boom harks to the region's past. Until the rise of the automobile, the city offered an extensive network of streetcars. The current rail renaissance is possible because planners preserved old rights of way, allowing them to build new lines where old tracks had been ripped out or buried under concrete decades ago.
Similar challenges loom over the Atlanta metropolitan region, where population growth by 2040 is expected to result in a daily average congestion speed of 18.8 mph -- about 10 mph slower than today.
Some cities have turned to bus rapid-transit systems, which give buses the right of way, permission to operate at faster speeds and sometimes their own lanes. Those systems are already in place in Boston, Cleveland, Miami, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh and Seattle.
More drivers, cars
Nearly all the growth in commuting traffic can be attributed to the growth in commutes by private vehicles. Census data on commuting show that between 1980 and 2013, the proportion of workers driving alone to work increased from 64 percent to 77 percent. Carpooling dropped from 20 percent of trips to 10 percent, and public transit declined slightly from 6 percent of trips to 5 percent.
Some drivers lament that they don't have any other options. But for most Americans, expanding transit systems is not a priority, even though more than 80 percent of the population lives in urban areas of 150,000 people or more, a share that is expected to keep growing as fewer people settle in rural areas.
A majority of Americans, 53 percent, think the government should increase spending on roads and highways, according to an Associated Press-GfK poll conducted in April. The same proportion would rather live in a single-family suburban or rural house with more land, even if it means longer commutes.
A smaller share, about four in 10, says transit spending should be increased. And 44 percent would choose an apartment or smaller house in a walkable urban area with access to public transportation or a short drive to work.
Money, Technology
One of the highest obstacles to ambitious transportation improvements is the lack of reliable funding. The 18.4-cents-a-gallon federal gasoline tax hasn't been increased since 1993, and the revenue it brings in isn't enough to cover current highway and transit spending, let alone increase it.
Raising the gas tax is unpopular with voters, as are other user-fee proposals such as putting more tolls on highways or taxing motorists by the number of miles they drive.
Unable to find a politically acceptable solution, Congress has kept highway and transit programs teetering on the edge of insolvency for much of the past six years.
States count on federal money for a share of their transportation spending, ranging from about a third in New Jersey to 93 percent in Alaska. In Arkansas just this year, state transportation officials have withheld at least $335 million of planned projects from proceeding because of the uncertainty in federal funding.
Whatever plans are adopted, technology is sure to play a big role in helping traffic and commerce flow. In coming decades, cars and trucks might wirelessly "talk" to one another and to traffic lights and other infrastructure, directing drivers to routes that avoid congestion. They may be able to follow one another in close formation on highways, packing more vehicles into what is now empty space. Automakers are testing the technology on Detroit-area roads.
No relief in sight
For now, the distant plans for more trains and better highways don't offer much to millions of Americans who endure long commutes year after year.
Stan Paul, who begins his morning ride to UCLA in Riverside, experimented a few times with public transit, but an hour-plus ride on a commuter train ends near downtown Los Angeles, and to get from there to his office would take at least another hour by subway, bus and foot.
Eventually, a subway extension will connect the city's Union Station to UCLA, so Paul could transfer from the train. The only catch: By the extension's expected 2036 completion date, he'll be retired.
"Right now," he said, "I don't know what I'd do without the van pool."
Information for this article was contributed by Serdar Tumgoren of The Associated Press.
A Section on 06/29/2015