CAMP TARIQ, Iraq -- Elite Iraqi special forces began their push Monday into Fallujah, expecting to encounter the stiffest resistance yet in the campaign to free territory from the Islamic State militant group.
The city, 40 miles west of Baghdad, has been under militant control longer than any other part of Iraq, and Islamic State fighters have had more than two years to dig in. Networks of tunnels like those found in other Islamic State-held territory have already been discovered in its northeastern outskirts.
The Iraqi troops, also known as the counterterrorism forces, are leading the assault on Fallujah, slowly moving up from the southern edge in a column of armored Humvees.
Their advance is expected to be slow because tens of thousands of civilians remain trapped in Fallujah and hidden bombs are believed to have been left throughout the city, according to special forces commanders at the scene. They expect fierce resistance from the jihadis, who have nowhere to run.
"This is the decisive battle for us and for Daesh," said Gen. Saad Harbiya, head of Fallujah operations for the Iraqi army, using an Arabic acronym for the Islamic State.
In 2004, U.S. Marines fought two fierce battles to take control of Fallujah, but insurgents returned each time.
Lt. Gen. Abdulwahab al-Saedi, commander of the government's offensive, said the government forces were approaching the Shuhadaa neighborhood in southern Fallujah on Monday afternoon. Speaking later to The Washington Post, he said militants detonated at least two car bombs and were using snipers and rockets to try to fend off the advancing troops.
"The counterterrorism service forces have the experience to fight them, just like they did in Ramadi, Hit and Rutba," al-Saedi said, referring to other recent battles.
Military officials said that, as of Monday afternoon, the forces had not yet entered the city proper. North of Fallujah, federal police, soldiers and militiamen pressed into the town of Saqlawiya, while police special weapons and tactics forces raised the Iraqi flag over the police station in Na'imiyah south of the city.
The Iraqi military also said its warplanes had launched attacks on Islamic State positions around Fallujah on Monday.
The offensive, supported by airstrikes from the U.S.-led coalition, was launched a week ago. In that time, other wings of Iraq's security forces have cleared the city's edges. Federal police and Shiite militia forces under the government umbrella of the Popular Mobilization Forces led operations that have taken back 80 percent of the territory around Fallujah, Iraqi Maj. Dhia Thamir said.
The predominantly Sunni city in Anbar province is one of the last major Islamic State strongholds in Iraq. The extremist group still controls territory in the north and west, as well as Iraq's second-largest city, Mosul.
Harbiya said Fallujah "is like the Kaaba" for the Islamic State, referring to the most sacred Muslim site in the world in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
The 500-700 Islamic State fighters holed up in Fallujah are expected to be some of the group's best-trained, a special forces commander at the scene said. The commander spoke on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to brief reporters.
The counterterrorism forces started pushing into Fallujah from its southern edge at dawn, said Brig. Haider al-Obeidi. He described the fighting as "fierce," with the Islamic State deploying snipers and releasing a volley of mortar rounds on the Iraqi forces.
Humanitarian groups said that as the violence intensifies, their concerns for civilians trapped inside Fallujah mount.
"With every moment that passes, their need for safe exits becomes more critical," said Nasr Muflahi, the country director for the Norwegian Refugee Council, an international humanitarian group active in Anbar province.
Mayor Issa al-Issawi, speaking from outside the city, said civilians had begun to move from southern areas of Fallujah toward the north, and that they may be used by militants as human shields.
He said there had been reports of civilian casualties from recent shelling and air operations by government-aligned forces. Some residents have also been killed by militants while trying to flee, officials from the city have said. The Post could not independently confirm those reports.
In past operations, Iraq's Shiite militia forces have been accused of committing abuses against civilians in majority Sunni towns and cities. Some Sunni lawmakers already have accused the security forces of using indiscriminate force that has endangered the more than 50,000 civilians estimated to be still inside Fallujah.
Shiite militia commanders have routinely rejected the accusations.
"The troops have been recommended to respect families and treat them gently," said Hadi al-Amiri, the Shiite militia commander who also heads the Badr Organization political party while overseeing operations outside Fallujah.
Baghdad bombings
Also Monday, Islamic State extremists claimed responsibility for a wave of bombings in and around the Iraqi capital, Baghdad, that killed at least 24 people.
The Islamic State has been behind many recent deadly attacks, and the bombings show the group's enduring ability to launch operations despite territorial losses. Iraqi officials said the bombings are an attempt by the militants to distract the security forces' attention from the front lines.
"By launching such attacks, the militants aimed at thwarting our determination and resolution to continue with our victories in Fallujah," said Arkan Jabbar, a soldier manning a checkpoint in Baghdad not far from where one of the blasts hit.
The deadliest of the blasts took place in the northern, Shiite-dominated Shaab neighborhood of Baghdad, where a suicide bomber rammed his explosives-laden car into a checkpoint next to a commercial area, killing eight civilians and three soldiers. The explosion also wounded up to 14 people, a police officer said.
A suicide car bomber struck an outdoor market in the town of Tarmiyah, about 31 miles north of Baghdad, killing seven civilians and three policemen, another police officer said, adding that 24 people were wounded in that bombing.
And in Baghdad's eastern, Shiite Sadr City district, a bomb on a motorcycle went off at a market, killing three and wounding 10, police said. Medical officials confirmed the casualty figures, and all the officials spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to release information.
In an online statement, the Islamic State said it was responsible for the attacks, saying they targeted members of the Shiite militias and a government office. The Associated Press could not verify the authenticity of the statement, but it was posted on a militant website commonly used by extremists.
Information for this article was contributed by Qassim Abdul-Zahra, Sinan Salaheddin, Murtada Faraj, Faris Mohammed and Maamoun Youssef of The Associated Press; and by Mustafa Salim and Missy Ryan of The Washington Post.
A Section on 05/31/2016