Bathroom mats. Toilet seats. Shoes. Dog tags.
All of these items have, in recent years, gone on sale adorned with images of Hindu deities, particularly that of Ganesha, known most commonly in the West for his elephant face.
"It is inappropriate, and it is offensive to devotees," said Rajan Zed, a Reno-based Hindu activist who protests against such commercial products.
"I haven't seen Christ on toilet seat covers. Or any symbol of Islam," said Vasudha Narayanan, a professor of religion at the University of Florida. "If you wouldn't do it with one, why do you want to do it with something else? Or at least wouldn't it behoove you to check?"
Every few months, Zed said, he receives a message about another commercial use of a Hindu image.
Most recently, Zed called on Amazon to pull deity-decorated skateboards and bedding from its online shelves. (This was not the first time the retailer got itself into hot water over such practices. In June, the hashtag #boycottAmazon trended on Twitter in India after users discovered doormats with images of Hindu deities available for sale. Amazon removed the items within days.)
Earlier this month, Zed asked online retailers Wayfair and Kess In House to stop selling bathmats, doormats, dog beds, leggings and rugs with images of Ganesha, who often is invoked in prayers for prosperity and success at the beginning of new ventures.
Another time, there was the Burger King commercial in Spain that featured Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, sitting atop a hamburger with the caption, "The snack is sacred" in Spanish. (Many Hindus are vegetarian, with beef considered especially off-limits because cows are considered sacred.)
The use of these images in a secular context, and particularly in a context that is in direct opposition to the basic tenets of the Hindu religion, displays a lack of respect, Narayanan said.
In Hinduism, myriad deities and their representation through images, sounds (like the chanting of "om") and expressive forms such as dance or music are an attempt to capture the many facets of a supreme being whose existence is difficult to grasp, Narayanan said. As such, "depictions of the sacred are themselves considered to be sacred," she said.
In 2013, Urban Outfitters drew criticism for selling socks with depictions of Ganesha around the ankles.
Feet are considered the lowest form of a being, Narayanan said. Pointing one's feet at another person is considered to be extremely disrespectful, while bowing at someone's feet is a mark of veneration.
"When you have your foot not just pointing to but touching a god on footwear, it's a double-whammy," Narayanan said. "Even the most liberal Hindus that I know ... would find [this] particularly jarring."
It's not that Hindus categorically reject the use of religious images on artistic or commercial products.
In India, for example, images of Lakshmi are commonly used to sell lottery tickets. In another well-known advertisement, Hanuman, a monkey-faced deity known in Hindu mythology as an efficient, swift emissary, promises fast delivery for ABT Parcel Service, a transportation and post service in south India.
"Context shapes whether something is a misappropriation or appropriation or appreciation," said Suhag Shukla, executive director of the Hindu American Foundation, an advocacy group. "Someone who's doing it out of appreciation or reverence would never put it on a toilet. That automatically becomes the filter," she said.
Most of the time, when Zed reaches out to companies to ask them to stop selling an item or displaying an advertisement, he said, they apologize and comply. "It's ignorance, basically," Zed said. "People don't know our traditions and our deities."
Indians are a relatively new immigrant group in the United States, with many having arrived after immigration laws changed in 1965 to abolish national-origin quotas and establish a preference for skilled workers and families. Indians make up only about 1 percent of the U.S. population, and Hindus are a fraction of that, as Indians practice a variety of faiths. There also are Hindu immigrants from other countries, albeit in even smaller numbers.
Knowing someone from a religious group is linked with having more positive views of that group, according to a 2014 Pew Research Center survey. Only 22 percent of respondents in the survey said they knew someone who was Hindu, and when asked to rate their attitudes toward various religious groups on a "feelings thermometer" (where 0 degrees meant viewing a group as coldly and negatively as possible), they rated Hindus somewhat neutrally, at 50 degrees.
By contrast, a majority of Americans said they knew someone who was Catholic or Jewish; those groups received ratings of 63 and 62 degrees, respectively.
Susan Scafidi, a law professor at Fordham University in New York and author of Who Owns Culture?, a book about cultural appropriation and American law, said people commonly borrow religious symbols from other cultures because they are the clearest expression of those cultures.
"People reach for things that are accessible ... and don't stop to think necessarily what those pieces of culture might mean," Scafidi said. Instead, they infuse the symbol with their own, "usually inchoate," meaning, she said.
"It doesn't typically come from a place of racism or hatred. It's more thoughtlessness," Scafidi added.
But after a group has made it known that a particular use of an image or cultural artifact is offensive, companies that continue to use it are choosing to place profits above respect, she said.
Some Hindu symbols have become particularly valuable to brands.
For instance, Brahma Beer in Brazil is by some estimates the ninth-best-selling beer in the world. Though the reason behind the selection of the name Brahma is unclear (the brand originated in 1888), the name also refers to a Hindu god and is antithetical in a religion that sees alcohol as impure -- or that at the very least would not associate it with worship.
Zed said he contacted Anheuser-Busch InBev, now the owner of Brahma, about discontinuing the product, but he acknowledged that it was too significant a revenue source for the company to terminate.
In the United States, the multibillion-dollar yoga industry has for years produced yoga mats, towels and exercise pants that place "om" symbols and images of Ganesha close to or directly underneath the feet and legs. But Scafidi said these images are probably more an asset than a liability to companies at this point because they have been accepted by the mainstream rather than seen as offensive to another culture.
That's a big problem, said Shukla, of the Hindu-American Foundation.
"On the one side, people are very familiar with Hindu concepts like karma or reincarnation" and practices like yoga, she said. But on the other hand, these elements have been stripped of any association with Hinduism.
Shukla's group is trying to change that. Its members previously launched a "Take Back Yoga" campaign to educate the public about yoga's connection to Hinduism.
Last year, when the American holiday of Halloween and the Hindu holiday of Diwali overlapped, the group embarked on an effort to dispel myths about the swastika, a symbol of prosperity and good fortune in Hinduism that was notoriously misappropriated by Hitler.
"The more people understand about Hindu practice, the greater the likelihood of [symbols] being used in context," Shukla said.
Religion on 01/14/2017