Grocery chains have long awaited the right conditions to charge more for their products, and a broad view of the U.S. would suggest this is their moment: Unemployment is near historic lows, consumer confidence is high and inflation is inching upward.
But companies are finding they're losing the power to increase prices. That's because Amazon.com Inc. and Walmart Inc. are engaged in a battle on consumer spending, while low-cost chains Aldi and Lidl pressure store chains. At the same time, shoppers are becoming less loyal to legacy brand names than ever before -- meaning they'll go generic instead of paying up for labels.
"Retailers took advantage of lower food costs to push down prices, and customers became acclimated to that environment," said Jennifer Bartashus, an analyst at Bloomberg Intelligence. "Now that inflation is returning, not only is competition in play, but customers are no longer used to seeing marginal price increases come through."
Concern about companies' inability to raise prices has spread from boardrooms to the halls of government, and policymakers are struggling to understand the dynamics as e-commerce and new business models disrupt long-standing economic theories. The Federal Reserve, tasked with steering the U.S. economy, has debated technology's relationship to inflation and pricing power.
The forces at play are illustrated by General Mills Inc., which has acknowledged that attempted price increases for its Progresso soup and Yoplait yogurt ultimately hurt sales. The misstep exacerbated a slump in those key businesses as shoppers migrated to other brands. Nestle SA has also experienced difficulties in getting price increases to stick.
"There's no question the balance of power has shifted," said Gary Stibel, who runs the New England Consulting Group, which advises consumer companies. Packaged-food and consumer-product companies aren't "creating the kind of intense" loyalties that retailers need if they want to be able to pass on higher prices to shoppers, he said.
It's not just food firms. Consumer companies are finding they're being pinched by the same forces. Reckitt Benckiser Group PLC's hygiene and home division, which sells brands such as Lysol spray and Air Wick air fresheners, showed solid volume gains in the most recent quarter but suffered because of lower prices, sending its shares plummeting. Kimberly-Clark Corp., maker of Huggies and Kleenex, reported flat or lower prices across its categories in its latest quarterly results.
With food and consumer-products companies failing to generate buzz with shoppers, retailers are boosting investment in their own higher-margin house brands and giving shelf space to fast-growing upstarts.
Before Amazon's purchase of Whole Foods Markets Inc., Kroger Co. was struggling to cope with low food prices, which weighed on results. The return of inflation, however, hasn't been a savior -- in fact, already-thin margins have taken a hit as the largest U.S. grocery company has been reluctant to raise prices on customers because of the intense grocery competition.
Kroger and other grocery chains are keeping prices low to protect market share, as competition ramps up with the continued expansion of Aldi, which almost exclusively stocks private-label items. The arrival of Lidl, a longtime Aldi rival in Germany, to the U.S. last June has only added pressure.
In the U.K., Tesco PLC and its competitors have started to push up prices but haven't been able to fully pass on higher costs to shoppers. In France, competition has prevented Carrefour SA and Casino Guichard Perrachon SA from implementing price increases.
The new environment is magnified in the U.S. by Walmart, which has been particularly aggressive in enacting price cuts to fend off the German discounters. A recent study of prices in Virginia and North Carolina found that a basket of items at Walmart was cheaper than at a nearby Aldi. That's a reversal from a study conducted in December, according to Chuck Grom, an analyst at Gordon Haskett Research Advisors.
At the same time, Amazon and Walmart's e-commerce battle has also pressured prices and forced competitors to invest in costly technology improvements and delivery services. And grocers are increasingly looking to exclusive private-label products to lock in shoppers, another headwind for big national brands.
Retailers "are no longer waiting for the companies to innovate," Bartashus said, referring to packaged-food companies and their struggles to attract new consumers. "They're doing some of that themselves."
Information for this article was contributed by Eric Pfanner, K. Oanh Ha and Scott Lanman of Bloomberg News.
Business on 04/26/2018