A French astronaut who leaves Earth these days does not leave French food behind.
Here are some of the foods that Thomas Pesquet, who launched on a SpaceX rocket to the International Space Station on Friday, will enjoy during his six-month stay in orbit: lobster, beef bourguignon, cod with black rice, potato cakes with wild mushrooms and almond tarts with caramelized pears.
"There's a lot of expectations when you send a Frenchman into space," Pesquet said during a European Space Agency news conference last month. "I'm a terrible cook myself, but it's OK if people are doing it for me."
Space cuisine has come a long way since Yuri Gagarin, the Soviet astronaut who in 1961 was the first to reach space, squeezed pureed beef and chocolate sauce from toothpaste-like tubes. The food for John Glenn, who 10 months later became the first American in orbit, was not any tastier. He swallowed some applesauce.
Nowadays, astronauts get to share the culinary creations of their countries, and the world's space agencies are showing that while life in space is hectic, an astronaut should at least be able to enjoy a quality meal.
That is why Pesquet and his crewmates will get to dine on dishes prepared by three separate French culinary institutions. "Obviously, all my colleagues are expecting good food," he said.
Alain Ducasse, a chef who operates renowned restaurants around the world, including Benoit in New York, has collaborated for years with the French space agency to create menu items available to astronauts aboard the space station.
In addition, another Michelin-starred chef, Thierry Marx, and Raphael Haumont, a physical chemistry professor at the University of Paris-Saclay, have created some dishes specifically for Pesquet. The two run the university's French Centre of Culinary Innovation and had cooked some meals for Pesquet's first trip to the space station in 2016. (Pesquet and Marx had met by chance at a judo conference a few years earlier. Both are black belts.)
Pesquet, a former Air France pilot, also asked Servair, a catering company for Air France and other airlines, to devise some dishes.
"I've enjoyed their food for a long time," he said.
Pesquet will not be dining on lobster and beef bourguignon every day. These dishes are intended for special occasions like birthdays, with enough servings for Pesquet to share.
But even everyday NASA space cuisine these days is "pretty fantastic," said Shane Kimbrough, the NASA commander of Friday's SpaceX mission.
Ryan Dowdy, who just left NASA after managing food on the space station for more than two years, said there are some 200 items on the menu to ward off monotony. "There's no grocery store," he said. "You can't DoorDash anything. You got to make do with what's there."
Food in space cannot be exactly like food on Earth. Much of it is freeze-dried to reduce its size and volume. Other foods are heated to high temperatures to kill off germs so that they can sit around at room temperature, sealed in cans and plastic bags, for a couple of years before being eaten. Space food should also not be crumbly, disintegrating into bits that could be inhaled or float into sensitive equipment.
Astronauts inject water into the plastic bags to rehydrate dried foods. A forced-air convection oven heats other dishes.
For the health of the astronauts, the foods are usually low in sodium, sugar and fat.
"They are high-performance athletes," Marx said.
Alcohol is also prohibited -- a particular challenge for French cuisine that prizes wine. Marx did not leave out the wine from the mushroom sauce in an entree of slow-cooked beef and vegetables. But the alcohol was extracted through a spinning evaporator without removing the flavor. The sauce was then verified to be alcohol-free via a nuclear magnetic resonance instrument.
The flavors also have to survive the sterilization process, what food scientists call thermo-stabilization. That usually means heating the food to 285 degrees Fahrenheit for an hour, Haumont said. "Can you imagine a cake or a piece of chicken or something like that on Earth?" he said. "More than an hour of cooking at [that temperature] destroyed the structure. So we have to rework the cooking techniques."
The history of French chefs cooking for astronauts goes back to 1993 when a French astronaut, Jean-Pierre Haignere, returned from a visit to Russia's Mir space station and said everything went well except the food.
Richard Filippi, a chef and cooking instructor in southwest France, heard Haignere's complaints on the radio and contacted the National Centre for Space Studies -- France's equivalent of NASA -- offering to help. Filippi and his students cooked up beef daube, quail, tuna and lemon confit and other foods that accompanied French astronauts on subsequent missions to Mir in the 1990s.
When the French space agency looked to restart the program in 2004 for the International Space Station, Filippi had retired and suggested Ducasse.
The first of Ducasse's food for the agency was eaten in space in 2007. Ducasse's team has now come up with more than 40 recipes for space, including recent additions like flourless, gluten-free chocolate cake and vegetarian options like carrot clafoutis with smoked paprika and quinoa cooked with saffron broth and vegetables.
NASA continues to add to its space menu too. Perhaps befitting an agency of rocket engineers, the processes for creating the foods are recorded not as recipes but as specifications. The food is produced a few hundred pounds at a time, and it has to be manufactured the same way each time.
"Just like any other piece of a rocket engine or a spacesuit, our food is a government-certified spaceflight hardware that fulfills a specific function," Dowdy said.
One of the newest creations is a sweet and savory kale salad. With advances in food science, the kale, after adding 75 milliliters of hot water and waiting five to 10 minutes, retains some crunch and texture.
"It's not like eating straight-up raw kale," Dowdy said. "We developed a specific cooking and freeze-drying process that doesn't completely turn it to mush."
The astronauts do eat ice cream on occasion. There are freezers on the spacecraft carrying cargo to the space station and on the space station itself.
"If there ends up being a little extra space in a cold stowage area, then we'll try to fill that with a frozen dessert for the crew members," Dowdy said.
With real ice cream available, there is no need in space for those blocks of chalky Neapolitan astronaut ice cream parents buy for their children at museum gift shops. Indeed, in the 60 years of the Space Age, no astronaut has ever eaten astronaut ice cream, at least not in space.
The freeze-dried ice cream was developed in 1974 for NASA -- for the gift shop in the agency's Ames Research Center in California. The company that makes it, Outdoor Products of Boulder, Colo., sells a couple million of them a year.
Cargo missions to the space station also take up fresh produce like apples, oranges and tomatoes.
Recently, refrigerated cheese has started going to space too, a request by Shannon Walker, a NASA astronaut currently at the station. Dowdy worked with a Houston cheesemonger to find a Belgian Gouda.
"We actually developed a way to send refrigerated cheese as Class 1 government-certified spaceflight hardware," Dowdy said. "The crew members absolutely loved it."
Future food challenges in space will include cooking and growing crops. That will become crucial on longer missions like trips to Mars, where there will not be a continual arrival of supply ships. Already, astronauts have grown -- and eaten -- small harvests of lettuce and radishes grown on the space station.