Companies have marketed hundreds of CBD pet-health products accompanied by glowing customer testimonials saying the cannabis derivative led to calmer, quieter and pain-free dogs and cats.
But researchers say some of these products are all bark and no bite.
"You'd be astounded by the analysis we've seen of products on the shelf with virtually no CBD in them," said Cornell University veterinary researcher Joseph Wakshlag, who studies therapeutic uses for cannabidiol. "Or products with 2 milligrams per milliliter, when an effective concentration would be between 25 and 75 milligrams per milliliter. There are plenty of folks looking to make a dollar rather than produce anything that's really beneficial."
Such products can make it to the shelves because the federal government has yet to establish standards for CBD that would help people know whether it works for their pets and how much to give them.
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Still, there are many individual success stories to help fuel the $400 million market, which has grown more than tenfold since last year and is expected to reach $1.7 billion by 2023, according to the cannabis research firm Brightfield Group.
Amy Carter of St. Francis, Wis., decided to go against her veterinarian's advice and try CBD oil recommended by a friend to treat Bentley, her epileptic Yorkshire terrier-Chihuahua mix. The little dog's cluster seizures had become more frequent and frightening despite expensive medications.
"It's amazing," Carter said. "Bentley was having multiple seizures a week. To have only six in the past seven months is absolutely incredible."
But some people have found that CBD didn't work for their pets.
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Dawn Thiele, an accountant in Oak Creek, Wis., said she bought a $53 bottle of CBD oil from a local shop in hopes of calming her 2-year-old Yorkshire terrier during long car trips.
"I didn't see a change in his behavior," said Thiele, who nonetheless remains a believer.
"The product is good; it just didn't work for my dog," she said.
Cannabidiol is a nonintoxicating molecule found in hemp and marijuana. Both are cannabis plants, but only marijuana has enough of the compound tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, to get users high. The vast majority of CBD products come from hemp, which has less than 0.3% THC.
CBD has garnered a devoted following among people who swear by it for purposes including stress reduction and better sleep. Passage of the 2018 Farm Bill, which eased federal legal restrictions on hemp cultivation and transport, unleashed a stampede of companies rushing products to the market in the absence of regulations ensuring safety, quality and effectiveness.
Products for people were swiftly followed by CBD chewables, oils and sprays for pets.
"The growth is more rapid than I've seen for any product in 20 years in this business," said Bill Bookout, president of the National Animal Supplement Council, an industry group whose member companies agree to testing and data-gathering requirements. "There's a gold rush going on now. Probably 95% of the industry participants are responsible, but what's dangerous is the fly-by-night operative that wants to cash in."
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is developing regulations for marketing CBD products for pets or people. It has sent warning letters to 22 companies citing violations such as making claims about therapeutic uses and treatment of disease in humans or animals or marketing CBD as a dietary supplement or a food ingredient.
"It's really the Wild West out there," said S. David Moche, founder of Applied Basic Science, a company that was formed to support Colorado State University's veterinary CBD research and that now sells CBD online. He advises consumers to look for a certificate of analysis from a third-party testing laboratory to ensure they're getting what they pay for.
"Testing and labeling is going to be a critical part of the future of this industry," Moche said.
Wakshlag said products must be tested not only for CBD levels, but also to ensure that they're free of toxic contaminants such as heavy metals and pesticides and that they have only trace amounts of THC, which in higher levels is toxic to dogs.
Bookout said his organization has recorded no deaths and few health incidents involving CBD.
Still, scientific documentation of CBD's safety and efficacy is nearly nonexistent.
That's starting to change, however. A small clinical trial at Colorado State University published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association in June found that CBD oil reduced seizure frequency in 89% of the epileptic dogs.
A clinical study led by Wakshlag at Cornell, published in Frontiers in Veterinary Science in July 2018, found that CBD oil helped increase comfort and activity in dogs with osteoarthritis.
Seizures are a natural focus for research on veterinary CBD products, since Epidiolex, the only FDA-approved drug containing cannabidiol, was approved last year for treatment of two severe forms of epilepsy in children.
Meanwhile, the American Veterinary Medical Association is telling veterinarians they can share what they know about CBD with clients but shouldn't prescribe or recommend it until the FDA gives its blessing.
"There's no question there's veterinary interest in these products as therapies, but we really want to see the manufacturers demonstrate that they're effective and safe and get FDA approval so we can have confidence in the products," said Gail Golab, chief veterinary officer for the association.
Business on 01/08/2020