PARIS -- Amid pervasive backsliding on social distancing, Britain has made masks mandatory in shops and France is weighing whether to require people to wear them in public places.
Scientists say the two countries' governments should have done so ever since they started easing lockdowns -- like many other European nations did -- instead of exposing their populations to the risk of infections from mass dance parties and summer vacationers.
Whether to make masks mandatory isn't just a matter of debate in the United States, where infection rates are still climbing fast.
After days of confused messaging, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson's government said Monday that masks will be required in stores starting July 24.
Johnson's office cited "growing evidence that wearing a face covering in an enclosed space helps protect individuals and those around them from coronavirus." Those who flout the law can be fined up to $125 by the police.
Critics had accused Johnson's government of failing to provide clarity on mask-wearing in the days since it began backtracking on previous advice that suggested face coverings were not necessary. After the prime minister was photographed wearing one in a shop, government ministers appeared on TV to emphasize personal choice in the mask issue.
France's government said Monday that it's considering requiring masks in all indoor public places amid signs of a small rise in confirmed virus cases -- and a big drop in public vigilance.
French scientists have pushed for such a requirement in recent days as families crisscross the country for summer vacations, but the government has remained cautious.
Local mayors have already started requiring masks, notably in the Mediterranean city of Nice, where images of thousands of people dancing at an outdoor DJ performance over the weekend provoked nationwide concern.
Elsewhere in Europe, where the virus curve largely flattened months ago, most governments made masks mandatory as soon as they started reopening their economies, requiring their use in shops and other indoor public spaces and on public transportation. Some nations have imposed mask requirements as new outbreaks emerged in recent days or weeks.
Britain and France, which have reported some of the world's highest numbers of coronavirus cases and deaths, had taken a more relaxed attitude, recommending masks but not requiring them.
At least until now.
"As the virus comes down in incidence and we have more and more success, I think face coverings are a kind of extra insurance we can all use to stop it coming back and stop it getting out of control again," Johnson said.
"To be absolutely clear, I do think that face coverings do have a real value in confined spaces, and I do think the public understands that."
Mask requirements could help the government in its efforts to get the country back on track after a severe downturn -- in March and April alone, the U.K. economy shrank 25%.
Many economists think unemployment could more than double to over 3 million this year, levels last seen in the 1980s.
Speaking with reporters during a visit to the London Ambulance Service, Johnson said people "should start to think about getting back to work" if their employers have made their workplaces safe against the coronavirus.
In France, restaurants, schools and many businesses reopened weeks ago. While mask use and social distancing were relatively widespread during the country's strict home confinement period and initially after it ended, many French people have since returned to the old normal -- forgoing masks, resuming cheek-kissing and gathering in crowded cafes.
While scientists were divided on mask use early in the pandemic, new knowledge about the virus has changed that.
"A number of new studies and systematic reviews have persuaded most researchers and public health officials that they should be worn, including those who were skeptical a few months ago.
Growing evidence on potential airborne transmission of the virus adds to the case for face coverings," University of Edinburgh public health professor Linda Bauld said. "Suggesting it is 'good manners' to wear one is insufficient."
In the streets of Paris, many -- but not all -- welcomed the idea of requiring masks.
The French government "should've made it mandatory indoors right away," as was the case in neighboring Spain and Italy, said 50-year-old Paulo Lorenzo, who says he usually wears a mask when he leaves the house. "Now it's going to be a bit complicated."
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However, Tiago Rodriguez, 23, said he thinks wearing a mask should be a personal choice. "We shouldn't be forced to wear something if we don't feel comfortable with it or if we have trouble breathing," he said.
Information for this article was contributed by Arno Pedram and staff members of The Associated Press.
