NEW YORK -- Many economists expect inflation to remain near its current high level for a few more months, then moderate through 2022 for a variety of reasons. And they don't see a repeat of the 1970s or early 1980s, when inflation ran above 10% for long stretches.
Households could even see relief in some areas within weeks.
Prices have dropped in global markets for crude oil and natural gas, filtering into lower prices at the pump and for home heating. That should keep inflation somewhat in check, even if prices keep rising elsewhere in the economy.
Consumer prices rose 6.8% for the 12 months ending in November, a 39-year high. Economists say inflation will likely stay higher than it was before the pandemic, even after it eases through 2022. More often than not in the past 10 years, inflation was below 2%, and it even scraped below zero during parts of 2015. The bigger danger then was too-low inflation, which can also lead to a weak economy.
"This is not going to be an easy fix," said Nela Richardson, chief economist at ADP. "Just because inflation will eventually moderate doesn't mean that prices are going to go down. They're up. We're just lowering the rate of change, not the level of prices."
Russell Price, chief economist at Ameriprise, expects inflation to peak at 7.1% this month and in January. After that, he expects the inflation rate to fall toward 4% by the summer and below 3% by the end of the year, but that it will stay above 2% through 2023.
One reason for the moderation, he said, is improving supply chains. They had become snarled when the global economy suddenly returned to life after its brief shutdown, and economists hope that increasing availability of items such as computer chips and shipping containers will help ease inflation.
"It's in no one's interests to have the supply chain as disruptive as it has been," Price said.
Then there's the Federal Reserve.
Wall Street expects the Fed to say this week that it will accelerate its exit from a monthly bond-buying program meant to support the economy. That would open the door for it to begin raising short-term interest rates.
Both the bond-buying and low rates are intended to spur borrowing, which gets people and companies to buy more things. That can help drive inflation higher as demand outstrips supply.
The U.S. government also might offer less aid to households in 2022. That could lead to fewer purchases by Americans, further lessening the pressure on inflation.
More immediately, Americans should see swings in inflation via energy costs.
A gallon of regular gasoline has fallen about 2.4% over the past month, to a little less than $3.35 per gallon on Friday, according to the AAA auto club. Despite the decline, drivers are still paying far higher prices than last year, when a gallon of regular gasoline was only $2.16.
The U.S. Energy Information Administration forecasts that gasoline will drop again to an average of $3.13 in December and to $2.88 for all of 2022 after averaging $3.39 last month, the highest since 2014.
"That should provide some relief for consumers when they go to fill up their tanks. Now how much relief? That's really hard to tell," said Andrew Gross, spokesman for AAA. "It's really hard to gauge what sort of world events are happening. And it really doesn't take much to spike oil prices."
Oil prices have dropped for a number of reasons.
On one side, nations have made agreements to boost oil supplies. On the other, the omicron variant of the coronavirus dented expectations for demand on worries that it would cause lockdowns and canceled travel. Benchmark U.S. crude oil has fallen nearly 15% since the start of November.
Home heating costs are also likely to be lower than projected, although bills will still likely be higher than last year, as prices for natural gas fall with other fuels in global markets.
The average cost to heat a home this winter will be an estimated $972, according to Mark Wolfe, executive director of the National Energy Assistance Directors Association. That's less than the $1,056 that his group was projecting in October, but it's still higher than the $888 that consumers paid to heat their homes last year.
"This is a consumer beware situation," Wolfe said. "Don't get your hopes up that prices are going to come down to last year's levels."
Perhaps the biggest wildcard in where inflation is heading is what happens with workers' wages.
Workers across the country are fighting for higher pay. Deere & Co. employees, for example, recently won a deal that will deliver 10% raises immediately.
Usually, companies will try to pass such increases along to their customers through higher prices. And with the unemployment rate low and companies chasing after workers -- there were nearly 1½ job openings at the end of October for every person on unemployment -- the pressure may be building for faster wage gains.
On top of that is whether the spike already seen in inflation will scare U.S. households into speeding up purchases to get ahead of any further price increases. That could create its own feedback loop, driving prices higher.
"We've seen a real awareness on Main Street that prices have gone up," ADP's Richardson said.
"It's a concern because when you're battling inflation on multiple fronts -- it's not just the supply chain, it's not just the labor market shortages, but now you've got the consumer who's in the mix. It just increases the difficulty in bringing inflation under control."