NEW YORK -- Community leaders in New York City attribute the low vaccination rate among Black residents to a combination of factors, primarily a history of racism in the medical system and a subsequent distrust of authorities.
Only 55% of Black New Yorkers have received at least one vaccine dose, compared with 92% of Asian Americans, 75% of Hispanic residents and 62% of white residents, according to data published by the city government.
To address the gap, health officials and some Black churches have sought to use the power of the pulpit to vouch for the safety of vaccines and to push back against misinformation. They have also hosted vaccination events in church halls or from mobile vans parked outside churches after Sunday services.
"These cultural institutions are a safe space to have discussions -- you go to your faith leader and they'll answer questions," said Dr. Torian Easterling, the first deputy commissioner and chief equity officer at the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.
He said most of the concerns he hears are about the speed with which the vaccine was developed, or worries about possible side effects. To address those fears, he said, the department had spent more than $24 million since March 2020 on education and outreach efforts, including mobile vaccination sites, training local groups to respond to vaccine hesitancy in their community, leaflets and street canvassing.
Dozens of people gathered at the Word of Life International Church in the South Bronx on a recent Saturday for its weekly food bank, but the pastor wanted to ask the crowd a question before the groceries were handed out: Did anyone know where to find the closest vaccination site?
"Yankee Stadium is always open!" shouted one woman, seated on one of the many folding chairs in the windowless, fluorescently lit room. "Take the six bus, straight up."
"174th Street and 3rd Avenue is 24 hours," said another woman, standing up in the crowd. "You go there at 2 o'clock in the morning, it'll still be open."
The pastor, the Rev. John S. Udo-Okon, said he wanted everyone there -- mostly Black residents, including seniors and mothers with small children -- to know that the coronavirus vaccines were easy to find and, more important, that they would not harm them. More than 80% of adults in New York City have received at least one dose of the coronavirus vaccine, but there are significant racial disparities in the vaccination rate.
Many religious leaders have tried to lead by example, getting a vaccine dose in front of their flocks or sharing their own vaccination stories from the pulpit, like Udo-Okon. Some, including the Rev. Dr. Calvin O. Butts III, the pastor of Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem, have used sermons to preach the virtues of vaccination in quasi-religious terms.
In March, Butts organized a vaccination event in the basement of his church that included a news conference so he could get the shot in front of TV cameras. Local dignitaries stood nearby, including Hazel N. Dukes, president of the NAACP New York State Conference, and gave speeches about the importance of vaccination.
"We have every reason to say the best minds that we have are encouraging us to take the vaccine," Butts said. "The kind of conspiracies we saw in the past were real, but they do not exist about these vaccines."
Butts said vaccine advocacy had to overcome the legacy of those conspiracies, including the Tuskegee syphilis study, during which government researchers withheld syphilis treatment from hundreds of Black men for 40 years so they could observe the course of the disease.
When talking to community members, Butts said he emphasizes the role of Black doctors in the development of the vaccines and in pro-vaccine public health campaigns, including Dr. Kizzmekia Corbett at the National Institutes of Health, Dr. Marcella Nunez-Smith at the Yale School of Medicine and the National Medical Association, a professional society of Black doctors.
Black Americans are more religious than the American public as a whole and roughly 60% of Black churchgoers attend a majority Black church, according to a 2020 study by the Pew Research Center.
But the reach of Black churches may be limited, especially with younger people. Only 30% of Black Americans under 40 attend a Black church, according to the Pew study, and city data shows younger Black people are less likely than older generations to be vaccinated.
Among Black New Yorkers, only 48% of those between 18 and 44 have gotten at least one dose of the vaccine, compared with roughly 60% of those 45 and older, according to city data.
Udo-Okon, his wife and children all got sick with covid-19 in the first weeks of the pandemic, he said. Telling members of the congregation about his experience with the virus and the vaccine made it easier to persuade them, he said.
"It makes us authentic when we approach people: 'Listen, we have suffered together, now let's get vaccinated so we can stay safe and so life can return to normal,'" he said.