Military spending hit record levels worldwide in 2021, passing $2 trillion for the first time despite the economic fallout from the pandemic, according to a new report.
The United States, China, India, the United Kingdom and Russia were the five largest spenders, together making up 62% of global expenditures, said the report released Monday by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, which provides data and analysis around armed conflicts.
Among the report's key findings was the boost Russia gave to its military budget in the lead-up to the war in Ukraine. Moscow's official military spending in 2021 increased by 2.9% to $65.9 billion, or just over 4% of Russia's gross domestic product, according to the institute.
The Kremlin tapped into its high oil and gas revenues last year to fund the expenditures, said Lucie Béraud-Sudreau, director of the institute's Military Expenditure and Arms Production Program. In the years following Russia's annexation of Crimea, low energy prices and the impact of Western sanctions had hobbled Moscow's military spending.
But in 2021, Russia repeatedly revised its "national defense" budget line, which allocates funds for operational costs and arms procurement, eventually making a 14% increase over its 2020 budget.
Nan Tian, a senior researcher at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, said operational costs could be linked to Russia's movement of troops to the Ukrainian border. But the exact distribution of funds is not included in the budgets made available to the institute, which does not have access to classified or off-the-book spending.
"Looking back, maybe there were signs that many people might have missed that there was this imminent threat," Nan said of Russia's military spending and its invasion of Ukraine.
But, he said, "what we really see is that Russia's military spending is very much tied to its economy."
Overall, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute reports that global military spending has risen for seven consecutive years, including as the world struggled with the financial impact of the covid-19 pandemic.
"I thought that maybe countries would decrease military spending in favor of, say, health care," Nan said. Instead, many countries increased spending on both, taking on more debt or loans and deprioritizing funds for other sectors.
The United States remains by far the world's biggest military spender, making up 38% of the global share. China ranked second, making up 14% of global expenditures, and marking an increase for 27 consecutive years.
China's spending has also pushed others to boost expenditures. Japan reported its highest increase in military spending since 1972. Australia also raised its budget by 4% to $31.8 billion, bringing its spending percentage in line with Italy and Canada.
There were some other notable changes as well. Saudi Arabia's military budget declined, moving it down from the world's fourth- to eighth-largest spender. Iran's budget, meanwhile, increased to the 14th largest, its first time in 20 years being part of the top 15 spending countries.