SAN JOSE, Calif. -- Elizabeth Holmes, founder of the failed blood-testing startup Theranos, was found guilty Monday on four of the 11 fraud charges she faced, in a case that came to symbolize the pitfalls of Silicon Valley's culture of hustle, hype and greed.
Holmes was the most prominent tech executive to field fraud accusations in a generation of high-flying, money-losing startups. A jury of eight men and four women took 50 hours over seven days of deliberations to reach a verdict, convicting her of three counts of wire fraud and one count of conspiracy to commit wire fraud.
She was acquitted on four other counts. The jury was unable to reach a verdict on three counts, for which Judge Edward Davila of California's Northern District said he planned to declare a mistrial.
Each count carries a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison, and the terms are likely to be served concurrently. Holmes, 37, is expected to appeal.
[Video not showing up above? Click here to watch » arkansasonline.com/14holmes/]
While the verdict was read, Holmes sat motionless, staring straight ahead. Then she gathered her belongings and whispered to her lawyer. She went down the row of family members and friends in the court gallery behind her, hugging each one before leaving through a side door.
"It's been a long case," Davila told the jury. "We collectively have been through many things."
The verdict stands out for its rarity. Few technology executives are charged with fraud, and even fewer are convicted. If sentenced to prison, then Holmes would be the most notable female executive to serve time since Martha Stewart did so in 2004 after lying to investigators about a stock sale.
And Theranos, which dissolved in 2018, is likely to stand as a warning to other Silicon Valley startups that stretch the truth to score funding and business deals.
The mixed verdict suggested that jurors believed the evidence presented by prosecutors that showed Holmes lied to investors about Theranos' technology in the pursuit of money and fame. The jurors were not swayed by her defense, which included blaming others for Theranos' problems and accusing co-conspirator Ramesh Balwani, the company's chief operating officer and her former boyfriend, of abusing her.
They were also not swayed by the prosecutor's argument that she had defrauded patients. Holmes was acquitted on counts related to patients who took Theranos' blood tests and one related to advertisements that the patients saw.
On Monday, jurors told the court that they were deadlocked on three of the charges. Davila pushed them to continue deliberating, but they were unable to agree.
The verdict arrived during a frenzied period for the tech industry, with investors fighting to get into hot deals and often ignoring potential red flags about the companies they are putting money into. Some have warned that more Theranos-like disasters loom.
In recent years, tales of startup chicanery, such as the bungled initial public offering of WeWork and the aggressive, boundary-pushing tactics of Uber, have not slowed the flow of capital toward charismatic founders spinning tales of business success. Those downfalls captured the public's attention but did not result in criminal charges.
But the Justice Department under President Joe Biden has renewed its focus on white-collar crimes.
"We will urge prosecutors to be bold," Lisa Monaco, deputy attorney general, recently said in a speech. "The fear of losing should not deter them."
Holmes' conviction sends a message to other founders and executives to be careful about their statements to investors and the public, said Jessica Roth, a law professor at the Cardozo School of Law and a former federal prosecutor in the Southern District of New York.
It "shines a light on the importance of drawing a distinction between truth and optimistic projections -- and keeping that clear in one's mind," she said.
RISE AND FALL
Holmes rose to prominence by mimicking the disruptive change-the-world chutzpah of Silicon Valley heroes such as Steve Jobs -- a playbook that has turned companies including Apple, Tesla, Google and Facebook into some of the most valuable in the world.
In the process, she captured the attention of heads of state, top business leaders and wealthy families with her plans to revolutionize the health care industry. She traveled the world on private jets, was feted with awards and glowing magazine cover stories, and was lauded as the world's youngest self-made female billionaire.
But as she worked to raise funding and secure business deals, she was also found to have lied about the accuracy and the types and numbers of tests that Theranos' machines were capable of.
"That's a crime on Main Street, and it's a crime in Silicon Valley," Robert Leach, an assistant U.S. attorney, said in an opening statement of the trial.
The verdict concludes nearly four months of proceedings. There were delays because of a coronavirus scare, a burst water pipeline, technology problems in the courtroom and juror travel. One juror was dismissed for playing Sudoku and another for her Buddhist faith. Crowds of spectators -- many of whom followed the Theranos saga via podcasts, documentaries, books and news articles -- waited hours for a spot in the courtroom's limited seating area.
Jurors heard from dozens of witnesses and viewed hundreds of pieces of evidence used to support prosecutors' argument that Holmes knowingly misled investors and patients on her rise to fame and fortune.
Witnesses included James Mattis, a former defense secretary who sat on Theranos' board, as well as Lisa Peterson, who managed money for the wealthy family of a former education secretary, Betsy DeVos, and invested $100 million in Theranos. Prominent investors including Rupert Murdoch and Larry Ellison, as well as two former secretaries of state -- George Shultz and Henry Kissinger, who sat on its board -- were discussed but not called to the stand.
The evidence outlined Holmes' role in faked demonstrations, falsified validation reports, misleading claims about contracts and overstated financials at Theranos. Jurors heard recordings and watched videos of Holmes making inflated or misleading claims about the company.
Before it shut down in 2018, Theranos voided two years' worth of its blood tests. It paid to settle several investor lawsuits, as well as fraud charges by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
But prosecutors argued that Holmes' actions went beyond those punishments -- that they were criminal. She led investors to lose hundreds of millions of dollars and patients to get unreliable test results, they said.
"At so many of the forks in the road, she chose the dishonest path," John Bostic, an assistant U.S. attorney, said in closing arguments.
HOLMES' DEFENSE
In her defense, Holmes' lawyers tried to discredit testimony from whistleblowers, criticized investors for not doing more research into Theranos and said Holmes' failures were not a crime.
Holmes capped the proceedings by taking the stand. Over seven days of testimony, she alternated between accepting responsibility for certain missteps and deflecting blame for other problems.
She said she believed that Theranos' tests worked and had relied on the expertise of more-qualified people running the company's lab.
"I wanted to talk about what this company could do a year from now, five years from now, 10 years from now," Holmes said. "I wanted to talk about what was possible."
Holmes' argument that her optimistic projections were no different from that of other Silicon Valley companies contradicted the government's evidence, which was consistent with traditional fraud cases, Roth said.
"If other founders and executives are engaged in the kinds of deceit that was alleged and proven by considerable evidence in this case, then they should be concerned," she said.
Most strikingly, Holmes accused Balwani of emotional and sexual abuse. The pair dated in secret for more than a decade, even owning an estate in Atherton, Calif., together. Holmes said Balwani, who is about 20 years older, controlled every aspect of her life, including her schedule, self-presentation and time spent with her family. She also accused him of forcing her to have sex with him. Balwani has denied the allegations.
That testimony threatened to turn the tide against the prosecution's case by appealing to the jury's emotions and portraying Holmes as a victim, experts said. But it was a risky strategy, they said, particularly since Holmes did not provide an expert witness to put her accusations into the context of the wire fraud charges.
Balwani will stand trial this year. He has also pleaded innocent.