If there's one message Chris Henry has for Arkansas row crop farmers during the drought, it's "don't get in a hurry."
Henry, professor and water management engineer for the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, has posted a handout with a variety of tactics aimed at helping farmers get the most crop they can with what irrigation is available.
"The next 30 days will be critical for many irrigators, as fatigue sets in, and many crops are still at or entering high water demand," Henry said. "However, there are things that farmers can do to mitigate both the human and plant stress being experienced."
Arkansas has experienced a broken string of days with highs in the triple digits, with rain in short supply. The U.S. drought monitor map of July 19 showed all of Arkansas experiencing some form of drought. The Climate Prediction Center's extended outlook issued July 21 showed most of Arkansas with temperatures well above normal. However, the CPC's precipitation outlook was more promising, with the northern two-thirds of the state possibly seeing above-average amounts.
HENRY'S TACTICS
Using a computerized hole selection program such as Pipe Planner, Rice Irrigation or PHAUCET to help plan water distribution across the field. Henry said use of these programs can reduce pump time by between 10% and 50%.
Plan to be patient. Henry said water is drawn down from wells and reservoirs. Pumps have to lift water farther.
"Expect to take longer to irrigate a set or flood up a field and adjust accordingly," he said. "Some alluvial wells can drop off as much as 50 percent and it's not uncommon for relifts to fall off 30 percent as we get to the bottom."
Soil sensors are still relevant.
"It's not too late to incorporate sensors into irrigation management," Henry said. "Using sensors to determine the last irrigation of the season is the largest payback of monitoring soil moisture. It almost always saves at least one irrigation and allows for planning ahead of dwindling irrigation supplies."
Even with one or two sets of sensors -- for less than $500 -- estimating the number of irrigations left can be done for the entire enterprise.
"In a drought year like 2022, sensors can save both water and profitability," Henry said.
Irrigate deeply. Instead of flushing fields with limited water, try to fill the profile up when irrigating, Henry said.
"This will encourage the roots to go deeper for water and reduce the number of sets for the season-saving on precious labor," he said.
Check those pumps. Drought is prompting farmers to run their irrigation pumps beyond the typical 800 hours a year.
"For diesel power units, oil changes and greasing propeller shafts may seem obvious, but changing the oil in the gear head is often overlooked," Henry said.
He also urged farmers with electric motors to be sure to use both the correct lubrication and amount.
"If the oil in the sight window is black or white, there is a high risk of bearing failure."
The fact sheet provides additional guidance, tables and example calculations, on how to estimate crop demand and the amount and number of irrigations needed for reservoirs and wells as supplies draw down.
"Heat stress and heat exhaustion awareness are real threats to safely sustaining irrigation.
Keep ample water to employees and yourself and don't get in a hurry. It may take more time to do things safely," Henry said.
FACT SHEET ONLINE
A fact sheet series on Arkansas crop irrigation is available at https://www.uaex.uada.edu/environment-nature/water/agriculture-irrigation/drought-fact-sheet-2022.pdf.
To learn about extension programs in Arkansas, contact a local Cooperative Extension Service agent or visit www.uaex.uada.edu.
To learn more about Division of Agriculture research, visit the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station website: https://aaes.uada.edu. Follow the agency on Twitter at @ArkAgResearch.
The University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture offers all its Extension and Research programs to all eligible people without discrimination.
Mary Hightower is with the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture.