JACKSON, Miss. -- The crisis in Mississippi's capital isn't over, even if its boil-water advisory was lifted Thursday.
While the state plans to stop handing out free bottled water at sites around the city tonight, Jackson reported water pressure still hasn't been fully restored. State health officials said lead in some pipes remains so worrisome that pregnant women and young children should still use bottled water.
Carey Wooten spent nearly seven weeks hunting for safe drinking water for herself, her two children and three dogs after clocking out each day as a Taco Bell manager, so Gov. Tate Reeves' announcement that the water is clean again in the city came as welcome news.
"The water that's coming out of my kitchen sink smells like fresh sewage ... as soon as you turn it on, it hits you right in the face. It's horrible," Wooten said earlier this month. "I've tried to give one of my dogs the water, but when she smells it she won't even touch it. She walks away from it."
Wooten said Friday the liquid flowing into her kitchen sink still smells like sewage, but not as bad as before. She said she is glad she won't have to run to distribution sites before bottled water supplies run out each day.
Other residents told The Associated Press Friday that their water remains too discolored to count on, so now they'll have to rely on water distribution by community-run charities or buy water again themselves, adding insult to injury.
Jackson had already been under a state health department boil-water notice for a month when torrential rain fell in August, flooding the Pearl River and overwhelming the treatment system. Water pressure abruptly dropped, emptying faucets for days.
Residents, politicians, experts and activists say systemic racism is the root cause.
Jackson's population has declined since 1980, a decade after the city's schools began integrating. Many white families left for the suburbs, leaving less revenue to maintain the infrastructure. Middle class Black people then moved out to escape urban decay and rising crime. State and federal spending never made up the difference.
"The legacy of racial zoning, segregation, legalized redlining have ultimately led to the isolation, separation and sequestration of racial minorities into communities [with] diminished tax bases, which has had consequences for the built environment, including infrastructure," said Marccus Hendricks, an associate professor of urban studies and planning at the University of Maryland.
Other cities across the United States could face similar challenges with aging water systems that are ill-equipped to handle more intense and frequent flooding caused by climate change, experts in water infrastructure and environmental justice told The Associated Press.
When it comes to water scarcity and contamination, they say working-class communities of color are most vulnerable.
Jackson's population is more than 80% Black and the poverty level is 24.5%, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Majority-Black Flint, Mich., has struggled to remove lead from its water since 2014.
Other areas where large poor or nonwhite populations lack reliably safe drinking water include major cities such as Baltimore and Honolulu as well as smaller municipalities such as Las Vegas, N.M.; and Benton Harbor, Mich.
'ACROSS THE NATION'
Heather McTeer Toney worked to clean up discolored tap water as mayor of Greenville, Miss., before serving as the Environmental Protection Agency's southeast regional administrator from 2014-17. Now she works on environmental justice issues nationwide for the Environmental Defense Fund.
She said many majority-minority communities lack consistent access to clean water.
"Any community that is suffering from lack of infrastructure maintenance is dealing with the same problem, maybe just on a different scale," Toney said. "But across the nation, with .... poor communities that are often Black, brown, Indigenous and on the frontlines of the climate crisis, we see the same thing happening over and over again."
Hendricks and Toney blame systemic racial prejudice for government disinvestment in communities of color. Maisie Brown calls Jackson's troubles "the product of environmental racism."
"I don't think we realize how deeply ingrained racism is in all of our structures and systems, including infrastructure," said Brown, a 20-year-old student at Jackson State University who was born and raised in the city.
Brown is a member of the Mississippi Students Water Crisis Advocacy Team -- a group of about 30 students delivering water to residents who are disabled, elderly or don't have vehicles.
That's what relief has looked like in Jackson -- the people most affected doing what they can to help each other. But the limited handouts each day haven't been enough, forcing people to buy water in stores.
The two cases Wooten and nearly 500 others picked up at the site in south Jackson one day contained just under nine gallons. That's less than 3% of the roughly 300 gallons that the EPA says the average American family uses each day.
Needed improvements at the city's two treatment plants include replacing ineffective pumps, leaky filters, faulty membranes and corroded pipes; removing accumulated sludge and hiring enough qualified staff to properly manage the system.
Mayor Chokwe Antar Lumumba, a Democrat, has pleaded for patience while seeking state and federal help, saying such fixes could cost billions of dollars that the city doesn't have.
While visiting Jackson, EPA Administrator Michael Regan said he wants the city to get its fair share of federal money flowing to the state.
Reeves, a Republican, has not said how much Mississippi should spend on solving this problem. The legislature directed $400 million of federal pandemic relief funds toward water infrastructure upgrades around the state, but it's unclear how much Jackson will receive because cities are still applying for money.
"We cannot perfectly predict what may go wrong with such a broken system in the future," Reeves said Thursday.
Without reliable funding streams, many Jackson residents don't expect to see consistently drinkable water anytime soon.
Karla McCullough, 46, is a Black woman and Jackson native who runs a charity that helped organize the distribution site where Wooten got her water. She said the city's residents have experienced some level of water scarcity their entire lives.
"I want to be hopeful and optimistic," McCullough said. "In my lifetime, I may not see the infrastructure fixed and it restored to a point where there are not any water issues. But my hope is that my son and his children won't have to deal with this."
Information for this article was contributed by Emily Wagster Pettus of The Associated Press.
Charles McCaskill, 68, calls out his thanks to members of the Mississippi Students Water Crisis Advocacy team who delivered two cases of water to his south Jackson, Miss., home, on Sept . 7, 2022. A boil-water advisory has been lifted for Mississippi's capital, and the state will stop handing out free bottled water on Saturday. But the crisis isn't over. Water pressure still hasn't been fully restored in Jackson, and some residents say their tap water still comes out looking dirty and smelling like sewage. (AP Photo/Rogelio V. Solis)
Jackson Mayor Chokwe Antar Lumumba discusses elements of a coordinated response with federal agencies, that he believes will help deal with the city's long-standing water problems, during a news briefing, Sept. 7, 2022, in Jackson, Miss. Lumumba also conferred with Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Michael S. Regan, left, and Mississippi Gov. Tate Reeves, right, and other officials to explore options. (AP Photo/Rogelio V. Solis)
Mississippi Students Water Crisis Advocacy Team members Jordyn Jackson, foreground, and Mya Grimes, both Jackson State students from St. Louis, Mo., checks her Jackson, Miss., home delivery schedule. A boil-water advisory has been lifted for Mississippi's capital, and the state will stop handing out free bottled water on Saturday. But the crisis isn't over. Water pressure still hasn't been fully restored in Jackson, and some residents say their tap water still comes out looking dirty and smelling like sewage.(AP Photo/Rogelio V. Solis)
Mississippi Students Water Crisis Advocacy Team members, Jordyn Jackson, 21, left, coordinator Maisie Brown, 20, center, and Mya Grimes, 18, all students at Jackson State University, share a laugh as they carry out cases from their Jackson, Miss., storage locker for home delivery, Sept. 8, 2022. A boil-water advisory has been lifted for Mississippi's capital, and the state will stop handing out free bottled water on Saturday. But the crisis isn't over. Water pressure still hasn't been fully restored in Jackson, and some residents say their tap water still comes out looking dirty and smelling like sewage. (AP Photo/Rogelio V. Solis)
Mississippi Students Water Crisis Advocacy Team member Jordyn Jackson, uses her muscles to lift a container of water over the apartment terrace barrier in Jackson, Miss., as she and team members rush through their own delivery schedule, Sept. 8, 2022. A boil-water advisory has been lifted for Mississippi's capital, and the state will stop handing out free bottled water on Saturday. But the crisis isn't over. Water pressure still hasn't been fully restored in Jackson, and some residents say their tap water still comes out looking dirty and smelling like sewage. (AP Photo/Rogelio V. Solis)
Mississippi Students Water Crisis Advocacy Team member, Mya Grimes, 18, lifts a case of water from one of two pallets delivered to their Jackson, Miss., storage locker that are earmarked for home delivery, on Sept. 8, 2022. A boil-water advisory has been lifted for Mississippi's capital, and the state will stop handing out free bottled water on Saturday. But the crisis isn't over. Water pressure still hasn't been fully restored in Jackson, and some residents say their tap water still comes out looking dirty and smelling like sewage. (AP Photo/Rogelio V. Solis)
Mississippi Students Water Crisis Advocacy Team members, Jordyn Jackson, 21, left, coordinator Maisie Brown, 20, right, and Mya Grimes, 18, carry out cases of water from their Jackson, Miss., storage locker for home delivery, Sept. 8, 2022. A boil-water advisory has been lifted for Mississippi's capital, and the state will stop handing out free bottled water on Saturday. But the crisis isn't over. Water pressure still hasn't been fully restored in Jackson, and some residents say their tap water still comes out looking dirty and smelling like sewage.(AP Photo/Rogelio V. Solis)
Mississippi Students Water Crisis Advocacy Team coordinator Maisie Brown, counts out the cases the team will home deliver to families from their Jackson, Miss., storage locker, Sept. 8, 2022. Working from donations, the team delivers mainly to families, single parents, and the elderly who have limited or no transportation, or are unable to wait in the long lines at drive-thru water distribution sites. (AP Photo/Rogelio V. Solis)
Deneka Samuel, of Jackson, Miss., cannot hide her disappointment and frustration at the problems with the city's water system, that she partially blames on racism shown by state and federal governments at the Black-majority city, Sept. 7, 2022, as she stands in the parking lot of Mount Nebo Baptist Church during a meeting of some African American community leaders with Environmental Protection Agency administrator Michael S. Regan, U.S. Rep. Bennie Thompson, D-Miss., and Mayor Chokwe Antar Lumumba. The meeting held in the church's small sanctuary kept a number of community leaders standing outside the room as they discussed the longstanding problems with the two water-treatment plants and its infrastructure. (AP Photo/Rogelio V. Solis)
Mississippi Gov. Tate Reeves has not said how much the state will spend on solving the water problems in Jackson. “We cannot perfectly predict what may go wrong with such a broken system in the future,” he said Thursday. (AP/Rogelio V. Solis)