KHARTOUM, Sudan -- As foreign governments airlifted hundreds of their diplomats and other citizens to safety Monday, Sudanese desperately sought ways to escape the chaos, fearing that the country's two rival generals will escalate their all-out battle for power once the evacuations are completed.
In dramatic evacuation operations, convoys of foreign diplomats, teachers, students, workers and families from dozens of countries wound past combatants at tense front lines in the capital of Khartoum to reach extraction points. Others drove hundreds of miles to the country's east coast. A stream of European, Mideast, African and Asian military aircraft flew in all day Sunday and Monday to ferry them out.
But for many Sudanese, the airlift was a terrifying sign that international powers, after failing repeatedly to broker cease-fires, only expect a worsening of the fighting that has already pushed the population into disaster.
U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken said he had helped broker a 72-hour cease-fire to begin late Monday. It would extend a nominal truce that has done little to stop the fighting but helped facilitate the evacuations.
Meanwhile, U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres warned of a "catastrophic conflagration" that could engulf the whole region. He urged the 15 members of the Security Council to "exert maximum leverage" on both sides to "pull Sudan back from the edge of the abyss."
Sudanese face a harrowing search for safety in the constantly shifting explosions, gunfire and armed fighters looting shops and homes. Many have been huddling in their homes for nine days. Food and fuel are leaping in price and harder to find, electricity and internet are cut off in much of the country and hospitals are near collapse.
Those who can afford it were making the 15-hour-long drive to the Egyptian border or to Port Sudan on the Red Sea coast. Those without means to get abroad streamed out to relatively calmer provinces along the Nile north and south of Khartoum. Many more were trapped, with cash in short supply and transport costs spiking.
"Traveling out of Khartoum has become a luxury," said Shahin al-Sherif, a high school teacher. The 27-year-old was frantically trying to arrange transport out of Khartoum for himself, his younger sister, mother, aunt and grandmother. They had been trapped for days in their home in Khartoum's Amarat neighborhood while fighting raged outside. Finally, they moved to a safer district farther out.
But al-Sherif expects things to get worse and worries that his sister, aunt and grandmother, all diabetic, won't be able to get the supplies they need. Bus ticket prices have more than quadrupled, so renting a bus for 50 people to get to the Egyptian border costs around $14,000, he said.
Amani el-Taweel, an Egyptian expert on Africa, warned of "horrific suffering" for Sudanese unable to leave. In a country where a third of the population already needed humanitarian aid, aid agencies can no longer reach most Sudanese because of the clashes.
Once evacuations are complete, "warring parties will not heed any calls for a truce or a cease-fire," she said.
Heavy gunfire and thundering explosions rocked the city in continued fighting between the military and a rival paramilitary group called the Rapid Support Forces. In the afternoon, intensified airstrikes hammered Khartoum's Kalakla district for an hour until the area was "razed to the ground," said Atiya Abdulla Atiya, secretary of the Doctors' Syndicate. The bombardment sent dozens of wounded people to the Turkish Hospital, one of the few medical facilities still functioning, he said.
Egypt's Foreign Ministry, meanwhile, said an administrator at its Khartoum embassy was killed on his way to work to help oversee the evacuations, without saying who was responsible. Cairo has close ties to the Sudanese army but has joined calls for a cease-fire. Earlier, Egypt had denied that any of its embassy staff members were harmed after the Sudanese military reported that one had been killed, blaming the RSF.
More than 420 people, including at least 273 civilians, have been killed and over 3,700 wounded since the fighting began April 15. The military has appeared to have the upper hand in fighting in Khartoum but the RSF still controls many districts in the capital and the neighboring city of Omdurman and it has several large strongholds around the country.
For foreign nationals, the need to abandon Khartoum had become overwhelming by the seventh day of the conflict. Khartoum's wealthy neighborhoods, where most foreigners live, saw some of the heaviest shelling and drone strikes, and several fell under RSF control.
Alice Lehtinen, a British teacher living in the Khartoum Two neighborhood, was shot in the foot by a stray bullet on the first day of fighting. Soon after, RSF troops occupied the lower floor of her apartment building as they combed the streets for weapons, dollars and other supplies, she said. The Sudanese pound has become worthless as shops lay smashed and looted.
Another British teacher, Elizabeth Boughey, said the RSF broke into her house and stole her Sudanese pounds, then returned soon after to hand the money back. They looked like teenagers, she said.
The United States said Monday that it has begun facilitating the departure of private U.S. citizens after swooping in to extract diplomats Sunday. White House national security adviser Jake Sullivan said the U.S. has placed intelligence and reconnaissance assets over the evacuation route from Khartoum to Port Sudan but does not have any U.S. troops on the ground.
France secured the use of a base on the outskirts of Khartoum to use as an extraction point after intense negotiations with both sides -- the military that held the base and the RSF that held the surrounding districts, a French diplomatic official said, speaking on condition of anonymity to discuss the operation.
Amid continued gunfire, nationals from dozens of countries made their way to the base. Some braved the roads in their own vehicles while others called on private security firms to shepherd them through military and RSF checkpoints.
France evacuated nearly 500 people, including citizens from 36 countries, on flights to the nearby Horn of Africa nation of Djibouti. Military planes from the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Spain, Jordan and Greece also picked up loads of passengers.
Meanwhile, groups of South Koreans, Palestinians, Kenyans, Saudis, Japanese and other nationalities made the 13-hour drive from Khartoum to Port Sudan to be picked up by their nations' aircraft. Flights continued into Monday afternoon, and France, Germany and the Netherlands said they were prepared to make more flights if possible.
Britain's Middle East Minister Andrew Mitchell said about 2,000 U.K. citizens still in Sudan have registered with the embassy for potential evacuation. He told the BBC that the government was looking at "a series of possible evacuations." Many Britons in the country have complained about a lack of information from the government and say they are in the dark about any evacuation plans.
Despite the pullout, U.S. and European officials insisted that they were still engaged in trying to secure an end to the fighting. But so far the conflict has shown how little leverage they have with the two generals -- army chief Abdel-Fattah Burhan and RSF leader Mohammed Hamdan Dagalo -- who appear determined to fight to the end.
The U.S. and EU have been dealing with the generals for years, trying to push them into ceding power to a democratic, civilian government. A pro-democracy uprising led to the 2019 ouster of former strongman Omar al-Bashir, but in a 2021 coup, Burhan and Dagalo joined forces to seize power.
Information for this article was contributed by Michael Corder, Angela Charlton, Frances D'Emilio, Frank Jordans and Edith M. Lederer of The Associated Press.
Jordanians evacuated from Sudan arrive at a military airport in Amman, Jordan, Monday, April 24, 2023. (AP Photo/Raad Adayleh)
In this image from video provided by the Italian Defense Ministry, military personnel prepare to evacuate people from the airport in Khartoum, Sudan, on Sunday, April 23, 2023. Foreign nationals were flown out of the country, as forces loyal to rival generals battled for control of Africa's third-largest nation for a ninth day amid fading hopes for deescalation. (Italian Defense Ministry via AP)
An Air Force Airbus carrying German citizens evacuated from Sudan lands at Berlin Brandenburg Airport in Schonefeld, Germany, Monday, April 24, 2023. (J'rg Carstensen/dpa via AP)
An Air Force Airbus carrying German citizens evacuated from Sudan lands at Berlin Brandenburg Airport in Schonefeld, Germany, Monday, April 24, 2023. (J'rg Carstensen/dpa via AP)
Jordanians evacuated form Sudan arrive to a military airport in Amman, Jordan, Monday, April 24, 2023. (AP Photo/Raad Adayleh)
This photo provided by the French Army shows military nurses taking care of French citizen after arriving in Djibouti, Sunday, April 23, 2023. Two French military planes evacuating about 200 people from multiple countries left Khartoum on Sunday for Djibouti as France urged all parties to stop fighting and return to political dialogue, in a statement by the Foreign Ministry and Defense Ministry. (Etat Major des Armies via AP)
Jordanians evacuated from Sudan arrive at a military airport in Amman, Jordan, Monday, April 24, 2023. (AP Photo/Raad Adayleh)
In this image from video provided by the French Armed Forces, military personnel load belongings of evacuees onto a plane at the airport in Khartoum, Sudan, on Sunday, April 23, 2023. Foreign nationals were flown out of the country, as forces loyal to rival generals battled for control of Africa's third-largest nation for a ninth day amid fading hopes for deescalation. (French Armed Forces via AP)
Jordanians evacuated from Sudan arrive at a military airport in Amman, Jordan, Monday, April 24, 2023. (AP Photo/Raad Adayleh)