ATLANTA -- The Supreme Court is preparing to consider next month whether someone can be fired for being gay.
Early in its new term, on Oct. 8, the court will hear a case that asks whether an existing federal law, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, guarantees nationwide protection from workplace discrimination to gay and transgender people, even in states that offer no protections right now. Currently more than half of U.S. states allow employers to fire gays over their sexuality.
It will be the court's first case on the rights of gay and transgender people since the retirement last year of Justice Anthony Kennedy, who wrote the majority opinions in all four of the court's major gay-rights decisions. And without Kennedy, who joined four liberals in the 5-4 ruling in the marriage case, the workers who sued their employers in the three cases before the court may face an uphill fight.
"Now that we don't have Kennedy on the court, it would be a stretch to find a fifth vote in favor of any of these claims that are coming to the court," said Katherine Franke, a law professor at Columbia and the author of Wedlocked: The Perils of Marriage Equality.
She added that lawyers working to expand gay rights might have focused too narrowly on the right to marry.
"The gay-rights movement became the marriage-rights movement," she said, "and we lost sight of the larger dynamics and structures of homophobia."
Other experts said the court should have little trouble ruling for the plaintiffs.
"Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Americans continue to face widespread job discrimination because of their same-sex attraction or sex identities," said William Eskridge Jr., a law professor at Yale and the author of an article in The Yale Law Journal on Title VII's statutory history. "If the justices take seriously the text of Title VII and their own precedents, LGBT Americans will enjoy the same job protections as other groups."
The Supreme Court's earlier gay-rights rulings were grounded in constitutional law. Romer v. Evans, in 1996, struck down a Colorado constitutional amendment that had banned laws protecting gay men and lesbians. Lawrence v. Texas, in 2003, struck down laws making gay sex a crime. United States v. Windsor, in 2013, overturned a ban on federal benefits for married same-sex couples.
And Obergefell v. Hodges, in 2015, struck down state bans on same-sex marriage, ruling that the Constitution guarantees a right to such unions.
The new cases, by contrast, concern statutory interpretation, not constitutional law.
The question for the justices is whether the landmark 1964 law's prohibition of sex discrimination encompasses discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity.
The common understanding of sex discrimination in 1964 was bias against women or men, Solicitor General Noel Francisco wrote. It did not encompass discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.
"The ordinary meaning of 'sex' is biologically male or female," he wrote. "It does not include sexual orientation."
In response, lawyers for one of the plaintiffs, Gerald Bostock, wrote that "a person's sexual orientation is a sex-based classification because it cannot be defined without reference to his sex."
Bostock, who spent a decade building a government program to help neglected and abused children in Clayton County, Ga., just south of Atlanta, said his story illustrated the gaps in protection for gay workers.
"Everything was going amazingly," he said in an interview in his home. "Then I decided to join a gay recreational softball league."
A few months later, the county fired him for "conduct unbecoming a county employee."
Bostock's case is at an early stage, and the reason for his dismissal is contested. His former employer has said it fired him after an audit indicated he had misused county funds, which Bostock denies.
In an email, Jack Hancock, a lawyer for the county, said, "Mr. Bostock's sexual orientation had nothing to do with his termination."
The justices will decide whether Bostock is entitled to try to make his case to a jury. The county insists that Title VII allows it to fire workers for being gay, meaning that the case should be dismissed at the outset.
"When Congress prohibited sex discrimination in employment approximately 55 years ago," Hancock wrote in a brief, "it did not simultaneously prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation."
A Section on 09/24/2019