BERLIN -- Insurance companies that have long said they'll cover anything, at the right price, are increasingly ruling out fossil fuel projects because of climate change -- to cheers from environmental campaigners.
More than a dozen groups that track what policies insurers have on high-emissions activities say the industry is turning its back on oil, gas and coal. The alliance, Insure Our Future, said Wednesday that 62% of reinsurance companies -- which help other insurers spread their risks -- have plans to stop covering coal projects, while 38% are now excluding some oil and natural gas projects.
In part, investors are demanding it. But insurers have also begun to make the link between fossil fuel infrastructure, such as mines and pipelines, and the impact that greenhouse gas emissions have on other parts of their business.
"Like banks, insurers can leverage access to their services as an incentive to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or exposure to the physical risks of climate change," said Jason Thistlethwaite, an expert on the economic impacts of extreme weather at the University of Waterloo, Canada.
"It's the same idea as an insurance company raising your property insurance rates because you engage in risky behavior, like drunk driving," Thistlethwaite added. "But in this case, it's the fossil fuel sector that's engaging in risky behavior by contributing to climate change."
In some insurance markets, such as Florida, people are already struggling to get coverage for hurricanes and other disasters that are forecast to become more potent with global warming.
"If climate change continues at its current rate, markets where they can provide insurance at a rate people can afford will erode," Thistlethwaite said.
Earlier this month Munich Re Group, one of the world's biggest reinsurers, said in a report that it would stop backing new oil and gas fields beginning next April.
"Insurance is the Achilles heel of the fossil fuel industry and has the power to accelerate the transition to clean energy," said Peter Bosshard, the report's author.
That's because projects that require large amounts of capital are unlikely to attract investment if they can't get insurance to cover potentially costly mishaps.
"It's not ideal for a large scale fossil fuel project to lose a brand name insurer with a good reputation," said Thistlethwaite. "Smaller insurers are likely to fill the gap, but they could be more expensive."
Insure Our Future said its annual scorecard of 30 companies ranked Allianz, AXA and Axis Capital best for their coal exit policies, while Aviva, Hannover Re and Munich Re came out on top for oil and natural gas.
By contrast, insurers such as Berkshire Hathaway, Starr and Everest Re have adopted few or no restrictions on coal, oil or gas projects, it said. The alliance also criticized Lloyd's of London for announcing plans for ending coal coverage two years ago but then declaring it optional.
Many of the insurers reviewed introduced their restrictions in the past year, although the exact policies differ significantly, the report said.
Some countries have meanwhile proposed applying the idea of insurance to help nations facing major costs as a result of climate change.
Germany, which chairs the Group of Seven leading economies, and the V20 alliance of vulnerable nations, chaired by Ghana, last week agreed to promote the idea of a "global shield" against climate risks.
The proposal, to be discussed at next month's United Nations climate summit in Egypt, partly addresses demands from poor countries for more financial help to cope with the loss and damage resulting from rising global temperatures.
Thistlethwaite said such schemes will require private sector involvement.
"Western governments are unwilling to shoulder the climate risk liability they are ultimately responsible for," he said.