LISBON, Portugal -- The official two-week campaign period before Portugal's early general election began Sunday, with the country's two moderate mainstream parties once again expected to collect the most votes but with the expected rise of a populist party potentially adding momentum to Europe's drift to the right.
The center-left Socialist Party and center-right Social Democratic Party have alternated in power for decades. But they are unsure of how much support they might need from smaller rival parties for the parliamentary votes needed to form a government after the March 10 vote.
Corruption scandals have cast a shadow over the ballot. They have also fed public disenchantment with the country's political class as Portugal prepares to celebrate 50 years of democracy, following the Carnation Revolution that toppled a rightist dictatorship on April 25, 1974.
The election is being held after a Socialist government collapsed last November following a corruption investigation. That case brought a police search of Prime Minister António Costa's official residence and the arrest of his chief of staff. Costa hasn't been accused of any crime.
Also in recent weeks, a Lisbon court decided that a former Socialist prime minister should stand trial for corruption. Prosecutors allege that José Sócrates, prime minister between 2005 and 2011, pocketed about $36.7 million during his time in power from graft, fraud and money laundering.
The Social Democratic Party has also been tainted by corruption allegations.
During the recent weeks of unofficial campaigning, a graft investigation in Portugal's Madeira Islands triggered the resignation of two prominent Social Democratic officials. The scandal broke out on the same day the Social Democratic Party unveiled an anti-corruption billboard in Lisbon that said, "It can't go on like this."
A housing crisis, persistent levels of low pay and unreliable public health services are other areas where the records of the two main parties are at issue.
Hot-button topics that have driven political debate and encouraged populist parties elsewhere in Europe, such as climate change, migration and religious differences, have largely been absent in Portugal's campaign.
A 5-year-old populist and nationalist party called Chega! (in English, Enough!) has made the fight against corruption one of its political banners. "Portugal needs cleaning out," one of its billboards declares.
The party's leader, 41-year-old lawyer André Ventura, has been riding in third place in opinion polls and could become a kingmaker if his political influence grows. His party got just 1.3% of votes in a 2019 election, but jumped to 7.3% in 2022. It could collect more than double that this time, polls suggest, if a protest vote materializes.
A key question is whether the Social Democrats will end up needing the votes of Chega! to make up a parliamentary majority after eight years in opposition.
The Socialist Party could, as in the past, forge parliamentary alliances with the Portuguese Communist Party or Left Bloc party to take power.
Socialist leader Pedro Nuno Santos, his party's candidate for prime minister, is a lawmaker and a former minister for housing and infrastructure. Santos, 46, quit the previous government under a cloud over his handling of bailed-out flag carrier TAP Air Portugal and a dispute over the site of a new Lisbon airport.
Luís Montenegro, the 51-year-old Social Democrat leader aiming to become prime minister, has been a lawmaker for more than 20 years. He heads the Democratic Alliance, a grouping with two smaller right-of-center parties formed for the election.
A supporter, center, of Andre Ventura, right, leader of populist and nationalist party Chega! (in English, Enough!) turns to journalists to utter insults at members of Portugal's two main political parties, during a Chega campaign action in Almada, Portugal, south of Lisbon, Friday, Feb. 23, 2024. Ventura has been riding in third place in opinion polls and could be cast in the role of kingmaker after Portugal's March 10 general election, if his political influence grows. (AP Photo/Armando Franca)
A girl carries a poster with the words "April 25 always, Fascism never again!" during a demonstration against racism in Lisbon, Portugal, Saturday, Feb. 24, 2024. April 25 is the date of the 1974 Carnation Revolution that toppled a rightist dictatorship in Portugal. The demonstration was organized under the slogan "Vote against racism," as an election campaign kicks off ahead of Portugal's March 10 general election. (AP Photo/Armando Franca)
Birds fly above election campaign billboards for leftist parties in Lisbon, Portugal, Saturday, Feb. 24, 2024. The official two-week campaign period before Portugal's snap general election begins Feb. 25, with the country's two moderate mainstream parties once again expected to collect most votes but with the possible rise of a populist party potentially adding momentum to Europe's drift to the right. (AP Photo/Armando Franca)
FILE - Demonstrators attend a protest by police professional associations demanding better salaries and work conditions in Lisbon, Portugal, Jan. 24, 2024. Corruption scandals have cast a shadow over Portugal's March 10 snap election. They have also fed public disenchantment with the country's political class. A housing crisis, persistent levels of low pay and unreliable public health services are other areas where the records of the two main parties are at issue. (AP Photo/Armando Franca, File)
FILE - A woman holds up a red carnation, symbol of the Portuguese 1974 revolution that restored democracy in Portugal, during a protest against the country's housing crisis, in Lisbon, Portugal, Jan. 27, 2024. Corruption scandals have cast a shadow over Portugal's March 10 snap election. They have also fed public disenchantment with the country's political class as Portugal prepares to celebrate in April, 50 years of democracy, following the 1974 Carnation Revolution that toppled a rightist dictatorship. (AP Photo/Armando Franca, File)