Until a few weeks ago, Harper Lee was the model of literary reticence. In the 55 years since the publication of her novel To Kill a Mockingbird, she had settled into silence, firmly resisting the pleas of her many admirers for a second book.
All that changed when her publisher, News Corp.'s Harper Collins, said it would publish a new novel by Lee in July in a colossal first printing of 2 million. The number could increase. Ten days after the announcement, the book, titled Go Set a Watchman, was still No. 1 on the Amazon list, ahead of both American Sniper and Fifty Shades of Grey. Lee, who is 88, and her estate and her publisher are all about to get much richer.
Not that she needs the money or the recognition. In publishing terms, Lee is a rare phenomenon, a one-hit wonder whose fame and success have continued to grow despite changes in literary fashion. Even now, without the benefit of flashy marketing or publicity campaigns, To Kill a Mockingbird sells as many as 1 million copies a year, holding its own against each season's biggest new releases and yielding its author an annual royalty of an estimated $1.7 million. It has been translated into more than 40 languages. In Britain, one survey ranked To Kill a Mockingbird 65th among all-time best-sellers there, just ahead of Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings.
In the U.S., several generations of students have been raised on the moral fable of Atticus Finch, the widowed Southern lawyer, and his daughter, Scout, who together combat racial injustice in an Alabama town during the Great Depression.
Many hoped the new book would be a departure or even a sequel. But after the initial excitement, Go Set a Watchman appears to be a dusted-off, preliminary version of To Kill a Mockingbird featuring the same main characters, only set 20 years later.
And at a time when the movie Selma has kindled a debate about the roles of whites and blacks in the civil rights movement--and their depiction on screen--Lee's 1960 classic is facing fresh scrutiny as well.
"It has been under attack for years by some serious critics for being simplistic and problematic in a privileged-white-lady-solves-the-race-issue kind of way," Jessa Crispin, a literary journalist, wrote in the New York Times.
True, a sequel, offered as a new work, may call attention to Lee's old-fashioned if good-hearted ideas about racial harmony, especially if in the new book Atticus seems as naïve in the face of racial hatred as he does in the first. ("Why reasonable people go stark raving mad when anything involving a Negro comes up, is something I don't pretend to understand," he says at one point.)
But, for all the merits of the latest criticism of To Kill a Mockingbird, its appeal never rested on its realistic picture of Southern life. It was anachronistic even in its day (one reason, perhaps, that Lee set the action much earlier). There were sit-ins in Nashville and in Greensboro, N.C., in February 1960, five months before To Kill a Mockingbird was published. Within a year the Freedom Riders had challenged Lee's sorting of humanity into simple categories--the high-minded Finches and the humble, hard-working African Americans who look to them for protection, both groups united against the "ignorant, trashy people" who represent the true danger to the community.
There was skepticism on other grounds too. Lee wrote at a time when Southern women were some of the most forceful voices in American fiction: Katherine Anne Porter, Eudora Welty, Carson McCullers as well as Flannery O'Connor, whose novel The Violent Bear It Away was published the same year as To Kill a Mockingbird and is also set in the rural South.
Unlike O'Connor, whose prose is radiant with religious imagery and philosophical questioning, Lee could sound lazy. Her sentences sometimes "had a processed, homogenized, impersonal flatness," wrote Frank H. Lyell in the New York Times in July 1960. O'Connor's own verdict of To Kill a Mockingbird was succinct: "It's a wonderful children's book."
Given all this, the surprise is that Lee's book, which won the 1961 Pulitzer Prize, continues to occupy the exalted place it does. In 2001, when Chicago educators started a citywide reading campaign, the book they chose was To Kill a Mockingbird. Thousands of copies were placed in books and libraries. "It's exciting partly because this book deals with important themes like civil rights and social justice, but it's also about creating a culture of reading," Mary Dempsey, Chicago's library commissioner, said.
In the South of Lee's time, reading was a hallowed activity because so many were unable to do it. Illiteracy was rampant, among whites as well as blacks, and kept many mired in poverty. "For a limited few, both black and white, the ability to read a Bible, a newspaper, a road sign or to write one's name marked major triumphs," according to a report on the efforts of the Southern Literacy Campaign, which began in 1910 and ended in 1935, when To Kill a Mockingbird takes place. In a courtroom scene, Atticus asks a hostile white witness if he might be able to write his name. "I most positively will," he replies. "How do you think I sign my relief checks?"
The novel's "good" characters, meanwhile, glean almost all their wisdom from books of any kind, including Blackstone's Commentaries, which the Finches' African American maid, Calpurnia, uses as reading primers for her son. "They were the only books I had," she explains to Jem. "Your grandaddy said Mr. Blackstone wrote fine English."
Learning fine English will make her son not only smarter and wiser but also, Calpurnia implies, better. Like librarians and language-arts teachers, Lee divides the world into two camps, readers and non-readers, and she faithfully reproduces the moral atmosphere of the progressive classroom.
Over time, even as literary rates improved, Lee's theology of reading still had meaning. In the 1980s, for instance, the obstacle was no longer the lack of schooling, but the advent of the video age, with its seductive screens and captivating visuals.
In an influential report, "Becoming a Nation of Readers," prepared by the Commission on Reading and published in 1985, educators concluded that schools alone couldn't address the problem. "The parent and the home environment teach the child his or her first lessons and they are the first teacher for reading too."
The Finches, constantly slipping away to read, provided the ideal of such a family. The novel also offers a critique of unimaginative teaching methods. "The second grade was as bad as the first, only worse--they still flashed cards at you and wouldn't let you read or write," Scout reports.
The crucial word is "let." Reading and writing for Scout mean freedom and pleasure. This may explain why in 1988, long after its subject matter had become dated, To Kill a Mockingbird was being taught "in 74 percent of the nation's public schools," as Charles J. Shields writes in his biography of Lee.
Whatever its shortcomings, To Kill a Mockingbird remains a gateway to literature, to the joys of bookishness. Go Set a Watchman may not achieve the same result, but the title alone is typical of Harper Lee. It comes from the Book of Isaiah--the King James version, needless to say.
Editorial on 03/01/2015