Strangely, over a century, America's two major political parties gradually reversed identities, like the magnetic poles of Planet Earth switching direction.
When the Republican Party was formed in 1856 it was fiercely liberal, opposing the expansion of slavery, calling for more spending on public education, seeking more open immigration and the like. Abraham Lincoln suited the new party's progressive agenda.
In that era Democrats were conservatives, partly dominated by the slave-holding South. Those old-style Democrats generally opposed any government action to create jobs or help underdogs.
Through the latter half of the 19th century the pattern of Republicans as liberals/Democrats as conservatives generally held true. In 1888, the GOP elected President Benjamin Harrison on a liberal platform seeking more social services.
Then in 1896, a reversal began when Democrats nominated populist firebrand William Jennings Bryan, "the Great Commoner."
"He was the first liberal to win the Democratic Party presidential nomination," political scholar Rich Rubino wrote. "This represented a radical departure from the conservative roots of the Democratic Party."
Meanwhile the GOP began shifting to conservative. Theodore Roosevelt--a vice president who took the top office after William McKinley was assassinated in 1901--was a Republican liberal who supported a "Square Deal" for working families. He broke up monopolistic trusts of rich corporations. He championed pure food and drugs. He created national parks and forests for the enjoyment of everyone.
After leaving office, Roosevelt felt that his successor, William Howard Taft was leading America too far to the right. So T.R. challenged Taft for the GOP nomination in 1912 and lost. In rebellion, Roosevelt gathered his liberal delegates and formed the Progressive Party with a bold platform bordering on socialism.
Roosevelt was a fiery orator and writer, saying: "I believe that there should be a very much heavier progressive tax on very large incomes, a tax which should increase in a very marked fashion for the gigantic incomes."
While Roosevelt was campaigning in Milwaukee in 1912 a crazed assassin, John Schrank--who claimed that the ghost of William McKinley asked him to avenge McKinley's death by killing Roosevelt--shot the Progressive candidate in the chest. The bullet was partly deflected by Roosevelt's 50-page speech and his steel eyeglasses case, but wounded him nonetheless. Bleeding, he continued to orate unfazed.
Later, when reporters asked if the wounding would deter his campaign, Roosevelt replied that he was "fit as a bull moose." Thereafter, his party was dubbed the Bull Moose Party.
Progressives won about one-fourth of the 1912 popular vote and Democrat Woodrow Wilson attained the presidency.
In a sense, Teddy Roosevelt was the last major Republican liberal. Ensuing decades saw the GOP grow steadily more conservative and Democrats acquire the liberal mantle. When the Great Depression struck, the "New Deal" of Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Theodore's nephew-in-law, achieved landmark progressive reforms.
In the 1960s, the "Great Society" of Democrat Lyndon Johnson vastly expanded the public safety net and gave legal equality to African Americans.
Then Republican President Ronald Reagan mobilized the "religious right" of white evangelicals for his party. Later, extreme white conservatives calling themselves "tea party" militants emerged in the GOP.
All this outlines America's political flip-flop--how the liberal Republican Party turned conservative, and the conservative Democratic Party turned liberal. It was a fascinating transition.
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James A. Haught is editor emeritus of West Virginia's largest newspaper, the Charleston Gazette-Mail.
Editorial on 09/15/2016